ASU BIO 181 Exam 2 Question and Answer |
Grade A+ Guaranteed | Frequently Tested
• quorum sensing -✓✓The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via
secreted chemical signals.
• receptor protein -✓✓Membrane protein that triggers a change in cell activity after
binding to a particular substance.
• signaling molecules -✓✓ligands, neurotransmitters, pheromones, hormones: bind to
receptors
• intercellular communication -✓✓"between cells"
• intracellular communication -✓✓"within cells"
• small hydrophobic ligands -✓✓directly diffuse through the plasma membrane and
interact with internal receptors
• hydrophobic ligands -✓✓water soluble and polar, usually large and won't cross the
plasma membrane, bind to extracellular receptors
• Other Ligands -✓✓small, non polar, short-half life, can only travel short distances
• internal receptors -✓✓(intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic receptors) respond to
hydrophobic ligands that cross plasma membrane
• cell surface receptors -✓✓(transmembrane receptors, membrane anchored proteins)
bind to external ligands, along the plasma membrane
• signal transduction -✓✓extracellular signals produce an intracellular response
• ion channel linked receptors -✓✓binding of ligand on extracellular side causes opening
of an ion channel and lets ions into the cell
• g-protein linked receptors -✓✓ligands bind to a receptor which activates a G protein
causing the release of a second messenger such as cAMP
• enzyme linked receptors -✓✓(receptor kinase) extracellular binds to signal while
intracellular kinase enzyme transfers phosphate group from ATP to another molecule,
one molecule binds to another and adds phosphate group which allows more proteins to
bind and become active, molecules enter nucleus and turn on gene expression SIGNAL
IS AMPLIFIED FROM KINASE TO KINASE
, • cyclic AMP (cAMP) -✓✓ATP converts to cAMP in g-protein linked reception, amplifies
the cell signal
• g-proteins -✓✓active when bound to GTP, inactive wen bound to GDP
• signal propagation -✓✓signal travels
• intracrine signaling -✓✓where the ligand and receptor are made and bind to each
other in the same cell
• autocrine signaling -✓✓signals produced from a cell that binds to a receptor on that
same cell
• gap junctions -✓✓target cells connected by gap junctions, signaling between adjacent
cells
• paracrine signaling -✓✓signals that act locally between cells that are close together,
quick response
• juxtacrine signaling -✓✓signaling that targets adjacent cells by direct contact, signals
transmitted along cell membranes
• endocrine signaling -✓✓signals from distant cells, produces hormones, slower
response but last longer
• Pheromones -✓✓chemicals capable of acting like hormones to impact the behavior of
the recipient
• signaling cell -✓✓cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with
another cell
• signaling molecule -✓✓The carrier of information transmitted when the signaling
molecule binds to a receptor; also referred to as a ligand.
• receptor proteins -✓✓Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow
communication between cells.
• responding cell -✓✓the cell that receives information from the signaling molecule
• receptor activation -✓✓single binds to a receptor which is then activated
• cell surface receptor -✓✓polar signaling molecule (cannot cross plasma membrane),
extracellular domain
Grade A+ Guaranteed | Frequently Tested
• quorum sensing -✓✓The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria via
secreted chemical signals.
• receptor protein -✓✓Membrane protein that triggers a change in cell activity after
binding to a particular substance.
• signaling molecules -✓✓ligands, neurotransmitters, pheromones, hormones: bind to
receptors
• intercellular communication -✓✓"between cells"
• intracellular communication -✓✓"within cells"
• small hydrophobic ligands -✓✓directly diffuse through the plasma membrane and
interact with internal receptors
• hydrophobic ligands -✓✓water soluble and polar, usually large and won't cross the
plasma membrane, bind to extracellular receptors
• Other Ligands -✓✓small, non polar, short-half life, can only travel short distances
• internal receptors -✓✓(intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic receptors) respond to
hydrophobic ligands that cross plasma membrane
• cell surface receptors -✓✓(transmembrane receptors, membrane anchored proteins)
bind to external ligands, along the plasma membrane
• signal transduction -✓✓extracellular signals produce an intracellular response
• ion channel linked receptors -✓✓binding of ligand on extracellular side causes opening
of an ion channel and lets ions into the cell
• g-protein linked receptors -✓✓ligands bind to a receptor which activates a G protein
causing the release of a second messenger such as cAMP
• enzyme linked receptors -✓✓(receptor kinase) extracellular binds to signal while
intracellular kinase enzyme transfers phosphate group from ATP to another molecule,
one molecule binds to another and adds phosphate group which allows more proteins to
bind and become active, molecules enter nucleus and turn on gene expression SIGNAL
IS AMPLIFIED FROM KINASE TO KINASE
, • cyclic AMP (cAMP) -✓✓ATP converts to cAMP in g-protein linked reception, amplifies
the cell signal
• g-proteins -✓✓active when bound to GTP, inactive wen bound to GDP
• signal propagation -✓✓signal travels
• intracrine signaling -✓✓where the ligand and receptor are made and bind to each
other in the same cell
• autocrine signaling -✓✓signals produced from a cell that binds to a receptor on that
same cell
• gap junctions -✓✓target cells connected by gap junctions, signaling between adjacent
cells
• paracrine signaling -✓✓signals that act locally between cells that are close together,
quick response
• juxtacrine signaling -✓✓signaling that targets adjacent cells by direct contact, signals
transmitted along cell membranes
• endocrine signaling -✓✓signals from distant cells, produces hormones, slower
response but last longer
• Pheromones -✓✓chemicals capable of acting like hormones to impact the behavior of
the recipient
• signaling cell -✓✓cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with
another cell
• signaling molecule -✓✓The carrier of information transmitted when the signaling
molecule binds to a receptor; also referred to as a ligand.
• receptor proteins -✓✓Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow
communication between cells.
• responding cell -✓✓the cell that receives information from the signaling molecule
• receptor activation -✓✓single binds to a receptor which is then activated
• cell surface receptor -✓✓polar signaling molecule (cannot cross plasma membrane),
extracellular domain
