NR-503 Epidemiology Final Question and
Answer 2026/2027 | Grade A+
Common risk factors . Answer: unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use
Childhood risk . Answer: conditions before birth and early in childhood influence health
in adult life.
Risk accumulation . Answer: Ageing is an important marker of the accumulation of
modifiable risks for chronic disease
Underlying determinants . Answer: a reflection of the major forces driving social,
economic, and cultural change. I.e. globalization, urbanization, population ageing, and
general policy environment
Poverty . Answer: interconnected with chronic disease in a vicious circle increasing
exposure to risks and decreased access to health services
Primary prevention . Answer: aims to prevent disease. I.e. banning hazardous products,
educating on healthy/safe habits, immunizations
Secondary prevention . Answer: reduce impact of disease or injury that has already
occurred. I.e. screening tests, low-dose ASA, suitably modified work
Tertiary prevention . Answer: aims to soften impact of ongoing illness. I.e. cardiac or
stroke rehab, support groups, vocational rehab
Cross Cultural Health Care Program (CCHCP) . Answer: materials to improve cultural
competency among health providers to provide healthcare interventions and other
cultural variants
Marginalization . Answer: Major cause of vulnerability referring to exposure to a range of
possible harms
Variables at risk for marginalization . Answer: high risk health literacy, cultural barriers,
low english proficiency
Cultural competence . Answer: a dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an
individual, system or health care agency find meaningful and useful care delivery
strategies based on knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior
of those whom they render care
Norms & values . Answer: soecific practices that guide the actions and decisions of
each person in a group based on their culture. Can be learned or shared.
, Kleinman Explanatory Model . Answer: A set of questions that the APN can use in order
to assess the culture of a patient.
Socioeconomic status . Answer: A measure that takes into account three interrelated
dimensions: a person's income level, education level, and typ of occupation.
Disparities . Answer: a higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality
experiences by one grup relative to another
Minorities . Answer: a group of people who because of their physical or cultural
characteristics, are singled out from the other in society
Food desert . Answer: neighborhoods and communities that have limited access to
affordable and nutritious foods
Social determinants of health . Answer: poverty, education level, raciam, income, and
poor housisng that effect access to healthcare
Social justice theory . Answer: the goal that all people will have equal opportunity to
healthcare access and quality of healthcare will be the same
Data sources utilized to access determinants of health . Answer: Healthy People 2020,
US Census, US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health
and Health Disparities
Accommodation . Answer: To create an environment that accomodates health practice
and ritual from other cultures within a plan of care
Acculturation . Answer: degree to which an individual from one culture has given up the
traits of that culture and adopted the traits of the dominant culture in which they now
reside
Assimilation . Answer: the social, economic, and political integration of a cultural group
into mainstream society to which it may have emigrated
Genetics . Answer: place patients at higher risk for certain disease and if family history
reveals this a screening tool could be used to determine the likelihood of a person
developing the disease
Genetic risk assessment . Answer: when a patient is determined to have a gene that
places them at a higher risk of having a disease such as cancer, diabetes, or
cardiovascular disease
Genomics . Answer: study of all genes in the human genome as well as their interaction
with other genes, the individuals environment, and the influence of cultural and
psychosocial factors
Answer 2026/2027 | Grade A+
Common risk factors . Answer: unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use
Childhood risk . Answer: conditions before birth and early in childhood influence health
in adult life.
Risk accumulation . Answer: Ageing is an important marker of the accumulation of
modifiable risks for chronic disease
Underlying determinants . Answer: a reflection of the major forces driving social,
economic, and cultural change. I.e. globalization, urbanization, population ageing, and
general policy environment
Poverty . Answer: interconnected with chronic disease in a vicious circle increasing
exposure to risks and decreased access to health services
Primary prevention . Answer: aims to prevent disease. I.e. banning hazardous products,
educating on healthy/safe habits, immunizations
Secondary prevention . Answer: reduce impact of disease or injury that has already
occurred. I.e. screening tests, low-dose ASA, suitably modified work
Tertiary prevention . Answer: aims to soften impact of ongoing illness. I.e. cardiac or
stroke rehab, support groups, vocational rehab
Cross Cultural Health Care Program (CCHCP) . Answer: materials to improve cultural
competency among health providers to provide healthcare interventions and other
cultural variants
Marginalization . Answer: Major cause of vulnerability referring to exposure to a range of
possible harms
Variables at risk for marginalization . Answer: high risk health literacy, cultural barriers,
low english proficiency
Cultural competence . Answer: a dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an
individual, system or health care agency find meaningful and useful care delivery
strategies based on knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior
of those whom they render care
Norms & values . Answer: soecific practices that guide the actions and decisions of
each person in a group based on their culture. Can be learned or shared.
, Kleinman Explanatory Model . Answer: A set of questions that the APN can use in order
to assess the culture of a patient.
Socioeconomic status . Answer: A measure that takes into account three interrelated
dimensions: a person's income level, education level, and typ of occupation.
Disparities . Answer: a higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality
experiences by one grup relative to another
Minorities . Answer: a group of people who because of their physical or cultural
characteristics, are singled out from the other in society
Food desert . Answer: neighborhoods and communities that have limited access to
affordable and nutritious foods
Social determinants of health . Answer: poverty, education level, raciam, income, and
poor housisng that effect access to healthcare
Social justice theory . Answer: the goal that all people will have equal opportunity to
healthcare access and quality of healthcare will be the same
Data sources utilized to access determinants of health . Answer: Healthy People 2020,
US Census, US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health
and Health Disparities
Accommodation . Answer: To create an environment that accomodates health practice
and ritual from other cultures within a plan of care
Acculturation . Answer: degree to which an individual from one culture has given up the
traits of that culture and adopted the traits of the dominant culture in which they now
reside
Assimilation . Answer: the social, economic, and political integration of a cultural group
into mainstream society to which it may have emigrated
Genetics . Answer: place patients at higher risk for certain disease and if family history
reveals this a screening tool could be used to determine the likelihood of a person
developing the disease
Genetic risk assessment . Answer: when a patient is determined to have a gene that
places them at a higher risk of having a disease such as cancer, diabetes, or
cardiovascular disease
Genomics . Answer: study of all genes in the human genome as well as their interaction
with other genes, the individuals environment, and the influence of cultural and
psychosocial factors
