NR-503 Epidemiology Final Question and
Answer | A+ Verified Updated | Frequently
Tested
• Cultural Awareness -✓✓:Self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward
other cultures. An in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background.
• Cultural competence in nursing consists of four principles. -✓✓Care is designed for the
specific client.
Care is based on the uniqueness of the person's culture and includes cultural norms
and values.
Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decision making to improve
health behaviors.
Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients.
• The APN may also use the Kleinman Explanatory Model of Illness (1978). Below are
the questions that can be utilized. -✓✓What do you call your problem?
What do you think caused your problem?
Why do you think it started when it did?
What does your sickness do to you?
What do you fear most about your sickness?
What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you?
What kind of treatment do you think you should receive?
What is the most important result you hope to receive from the treatment?
• According to Giger and Davidhizer (2000), although cultures differ, they all have the
same basic organizing factors that must be assessed in order to provide care for
culturally diverse patients. These factors include -✓✓communication (verbal and
nonverbal);
personal space;
social organization;
time perception;
environmental control; and
biological variations.
• The NCCC uses four major approaches to fulfill its mission, including -✓✓Web-based
technical assistance, (2) knowledge development and dissemination, (3) supporting a
community of learners, and (4) collaboration and partnerships with diverse groups.
• Epidemiological Triad: -✓✓host, agent, environment
• Genetics -✓✓The study of individual genes and their impact on relatively rare single
gene disorders
,• Absolute risk -✓✓is the probability of an event, such as illness, injury, or death. Gives
no indication of how its magnitude compares with others
• The odds ratio -✓✓closely approximates the relative risk if the disease is rare.
• Odds ratio and the relative risk are used -✓✓to assess the strength of association
between risk factor and outcome.
• How is Attributible risk used -✓✓is used to make risk-based decisions for individuals.
• Population-attributable risk measures -✓✓are used to form public health decisions
• EGAPP: -✓✓Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
• GAPPNet -✓✓Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network (established
in 2009) is a collaborative initiative involving partners from across the public health
sector working together to realize the promise of genomics in health care and disease
prevention.
• GEDDI -✓✓Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI)
(established in 2009) developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family
history information to reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected
individuals, family members, and populations.
• HuGENet -✓✓Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) (established in
1998) helps translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive
medicines and public health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and
dissemination of population-based data on human genetic variation in health and
disease. HuGENet reviews are systematic, peer-reviewed synopses of the
epidemiologic aspects of human genes, including prevalence of allelic variants in
different populations, population-based information on disease risk, evidence for gene-
environment interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out
according to specific guidelines.
• NHANES III -✓✓DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002) formed a
multidisciplinary working group with members from across CDC. It developed a
proposal to measure the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health
significance in a representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the
association between the selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in
NHANES III data.
• The World Health Organization defines a pandemic -✓✓as a global epidemic that
spreads to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the more recent pandemics
that you might be familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009.
, • Outbreak -✓✓the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would
normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An
outbreak may only last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years
• Quarantine -✓✓the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or
are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they
become ill
• Antigenic drift -✓✓is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's ribonucleic
acid that changes the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal changes or new
strains of a virus
• WHO Pandemic Phases -✓✓Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in
animals have been reported to cause infection in humans.
Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans
and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases
in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough
to cause community-level outbreaks.
Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing
community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any
country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This
phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation
of planned mitigation procedures is needed.
Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one
WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009)
• Phase 1 -✓✓None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to
cause infection in humans.
• Phase 2 -✓✓An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in
humans and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
• Phase 3 -✓✓An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of
cases in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant
enough to cause community-level outbreaks.
• Phase 4 -✓✓Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is
causing community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk
and any country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Answer | A+ Verified Updated | Frequently
Tested
• Cultural Awareness -✓✓:Self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward
other cultures. An in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background.
• Cultural competence in nursing consists of four principles. -✓✓Care is designed for the
specific client.
Care is based on the uniqueness of the person's culture and includes cultural norms
and values.
Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decision making to improve
health behaviors.
Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients.
• The APN may also use the Kleinman Explanatory Model of Illness (1978). Below are
the questions that can be utilized. -✓✓What do you call your problem?
What do you think caused your problem?
Why do you think it started when it did?
What does your sickness do to you?
What do you fear most about your sickness?
What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you?
What kind of treatment do you think you should receive?
What is the most important result you hope to receive from the treatment?
• According to Giger and Davidhizer (2000), although cultures differ, they all have the
same basic organizing factors that must be assessed in order to provide care for
culturally diverse patients. These factors include -✓✓communication (verbal and
nonverbal);
personal space;
social organization;
time perception;
environmental control; and
biological variations.
• The NCCC uses four major approaches to fulfill its mission, including -✓✓Web-based
technical assistance, (2) knowledge development and dissemination, (3) supporting a
community of learners, and (4) collaboration and partnerships with diverse groups.
• Epidemiological Triad: -✓✓host, agent, environment
• Genetics -✓✓The study of individual genes and their impact on relatively rare single
gene disorders
,• Absolute risk -✓✓is the probability of an event, such as illness, injury, or death. Gives
no indication of how its magnitude compares with others
• The odds ratio -✓✓closely approximates the relative risk if the disease is rare.
• Odds ratio and the relative risk are used -✓✓to assess the strength of association
between risk factor and outcome.
• How is Attributible risk used -✓✓is used to make risk-based decisions for individuals.
• Population-attributable risk measures -✓✓are used to form public health decisions
• EGAPP: -✓✓Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
• GAPPNet -✓✓Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network (established
in 2009) is a collaborative initiative involving partners from across the public health
sector working together to realize the promise of genomics in health care and disease
prevention.
• GEDDI -✓✓Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI)
(established in 2009) developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family
history information to reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected
individuals, family members, and populations.
• HuGENet -✓✓Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) (established in
1998) helps translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive
medicines and public health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and
dissemination of population-based data on human genetic variation in health and
disease. HuGENet reviews are systematic, peer-reviewed synopses of the
epidemiologic aspects of human genes, including prevalence of allelic variants in
different populations, population-based information on disease risk, evidence for gene-
environment interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out
according to specific guidelines.
• NHANES III -✓✓DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002) formed a
multidisciplinary working group with members from across CDC. It developed a
proposal to measure the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health
significance in a representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the
association between the selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in
NHANES III data.
• The World Health Organization defines a pandemic -✓✓as a global epidemic that
spreads to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the more recent pandemics
that you might be familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009.
, • Outbreak -✓✓the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would
normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An
outbreak may only last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years
• Quarantine -✓✓the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or
are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they
become ill
• Antigenic drift -✓✓is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's ribonucleic
acid that changes the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal changes or new
strains of a virus
• WHO Pandemic Phases -✓✓Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in
animals have been reported to cause infection in humans.
Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans
and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases
in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough
to cause community-level outbreaks.
Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing
community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any
country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This
phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation
of planned mitigation procedures is needed.
Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one
WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009)
• Phase 1 -✓✓None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to
cause infection in humans.
• Phase 2 -✓✓An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in
humans and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
• Phase 3 -✓✓An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of
cases in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant
enough to cause community-level outbreaks.
• Phase 4 -✓✓Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is
causing community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk
and any country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
