WGU Pathophysiology D236-Exam Question and
Answer | Grade A+ 100% Guaranteed Updated |
Repeated Past Questions
• What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? -✓✓Albumin
• Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins -✓✓Oncotic Pressure
• What is the difference between adult and child immunity? -✓✓Naive T Cells
• Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. -✓✓Osmoreceptors
• What are the causes of dehydration? -✓✓#Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
• What s/sx are associated with dehydration? -✓✓#Dry mucous membranes
#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
• A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and
pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? -✓✓Metabolic
alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction).
This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory
system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
more CO2.
• Normal CO2 level -✓✓35-45
• Normal pH level -✓✓7.35-7.45
,• Normal HCO3 level -✓✓22-26
• Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it
easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. -✓✓His CO2 level
is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
• A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid
volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of
the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin -✓✓BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
,• Normal sodium level -✓✓135-145
• Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Na < 135
Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
Low blood pressure
Dark scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures
• Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx -✓✓Na > 145
Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
• Normal potassium level -✓✓3.5-5.0
• Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx -✓✓K < 3.5
#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
• Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓K > 5.0
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest/MI
, • Normal calcium level -✓✓8.5-10.5
• Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Calcium < 8.5
Overexcitability of the muscles
Muscle twitching
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when touched)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Calcium > 10.5
Muscle weakness
Loss of muscle tone
Spontaneous fractures
Kidney stones
Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Normal magnesium level -✓✓1.6-2.6
• Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Magnesium level <
1.6
Tremors
Hyperreflexia
Insomnia
Muscle cramps
Irregular heart beat
• Hypermagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Magnesium level >
2.6
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Respiratory depression
N/V
Slow/Irregular heart beat
Answer | Grade A+ 100% Guaranteed Updated |
Repeated Past Questions
• What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? -✓✓Albumin
• Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins -✓✓Oncotic Pressure
• What is the difference between adult and child immunity? -✓✓Naive T Cells
• Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. -✓✓Osmoreceptors
• What are the causes of dehydration? -✓✓#Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
• What s/sx are associated with dehydration? -✓✓#Dry mucous membranes
#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
• A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and
pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? -✓✓Metabolic
alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction).
This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory
system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
more CO2.
• Normal CO2 level -✓✓35-45
• Normal pH level -✓✓7.35-7.45
,• Normal HCO3 level -✓✓22-26
• Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it
easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. -✓✓His CO2 level
is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
• A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid
volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of
the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin -✓✓BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
,• Normal sodium level -✓✓135-145
• Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Na < 135
Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
Low blood pressure
Dark scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures
• Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx -✓✓Na > 145
Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
• Normal potassium level -✓✓3.5-5.0
• Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx -✓✓K < 3.5
#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
• Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓K > 5.0
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest/MI
, • Normal calcium level -✓✓8.5-10.5
• Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Calcium < 8.5
Overexcitability of the muscles
Muscle twitching
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when touched)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Calcium > 10.5
Muscle weakness
Loss of muscle tone
Spontaneous fractures
Kidney stones
Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Normal magnesium level -✓✓1.6-2.6
• Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Magnesium level <
1.6
Tremors
Hyperreflexia
Insomnia
Muscle cramps
Irregular heart beat
• Hypermagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? -✓✓Magnesium level >
2.6
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Respiratory depression
N/V
Slow/Irregular heart beat
