PORTAGE LEARNING
NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
Actual Questions and Answers
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This Exam contains:
Questions and Answers
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Multiple-Choice (A–D), For Each Question.
Each Question Includes The Correct Answer
Expert-Verified explanation
,### 1. Persistent dysplasia eventually results in cancer.
True or False?
Answer: True
Explanation: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth that disrupts tissue architecture. If the
injurious stimulus persists, dysplastic cells can accumulate mutations leading to neoplastic
transformation and invasive cancer.
---
### 2. Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions.
True or False?
Answer: True
Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size resulting in organ enlargement. It occurs
physiologically (e.g., uterine enlargement during pregnancy) and pathologically (e.g., left
ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension).
---
### 3. A bodybuilder's muscles will display hyperplasia.
True or False?
Answer: False
Explanation: Skeletal muscle growth in adults primarily occurs by hypertrophy (increase in
cell size), not hyperplasia (increase in cell number), as skeletal muscle cells are
multinucleated and post-mitotic.
,---
### 4. Which are true of mitochondria? (Select all that apply)
A) Involved in cellular respiration
B) Play a role in apoptosis
C) Found far from the site of energy consumption
D) Control free radicals
Answer: A) Involved in cellular respiration; B) Play a role in apoptosis
Explanation: Mitochondria are the primary sites of ATP production through cellular
respiration and release factors that trigger apoptosis. They are typically located near energy-
demanding sites; therefore, choices C and D are false because mitochondria localize close to
energy needs and can both generate and scavenge free radicals but do not primarily control
them.
---
### 5. Which are true of the cell membrane? (Select all that apply)
A) Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
B) Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
C) Controls the transport of materials from outside fluids to within
D) Stores energy in the form of ATP
Answer: A), B), and C)
Explanation: The cell membrane regulates cell signaling, mediates electrical conductance via
ion channels, and controls selective transport of substances. It does not store ATP;
mitochondria handle energy production and storage.
, ---
### 6. Which of the following are true of the cell? (Select all that apply)
A) Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane
B) Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell
C) Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures
D) Mitochondria synthesize proteins
Answer: A), B), and C)
Explanation: Cell membrane proteins are essential for transport and signaling; lysosomes
digest cellular debris; microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton. Protein synthesis occurs
mainly in ribosomes, not mitochondria.
---
### 7. Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances.
True or False?
Answer: False
Explanation: Metaplastic cells adapt by changing from one differentiated cell type to another
that is better suited to endure chronic stress or injury. This adaptive change often enhances
cell survival under persistent stress (e.g., squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract due to
smoking). Thus, metaplasia is generally a protective response.
---
### 8. Persistent metaplasia can lead to dysplasia.
NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
Actual Questions and Answers
100% Guarantee Pass
This Exam contains:
Questions and Answers
100% Guarantee Pass
Multiple-Choice (A–D), For Each Question.
Each Question Includes The Correct Answer
Expert-Verified explanation
,### 1. Persistent dysplasia eventually results in cancer.
True or False?
Answer: True
Explanation: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth that disrupts tissue architecture. If the
injurious stimulus persists, dysplastic cells can accumulate mutations leading to neoplastic
transformation and invasive cancer.
---
### 2. Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions.
True or False?
Answer: True
Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size resulting in organ enlargement. It occurs
physiologically (e.g., uterine enlargement during pregnancy) and pathologically (e.g., left
ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension).
---
### 3. A bodybuilder's muscles will display hyperplasia.
True or False?
Answer: False
Explanation: Skeletal muscle growth in adults primarily occurs by hypertrophy (increase in
cell size), not hyperplasia (increase in cell number), as skeletal muscle cells are
multinucleated and post-mitotic.
,---
### 4. Which are true of mitochondria? (Select all that apply)
A) Involved in cellular respiration
B) Play a role in apoptosis
C) Found far from the site of energy consumption
D) Control free radicals
Answer: A) Involved in cellular respiration; B) Play a role in apoptosis
Explanation: Mitochondria are the primary sites of ATP production through cellular
respiration and release factors that trigger apoptosis. They are typically located near energy-
demanding sites; therefore, choices C and D are false because mitochondria localize close to
energy needs and can both generate and scavenge free radicals but do not primarily control
them.
---
### 5. Which are true of the cell membrane? (Select all that apply)
A) Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
B) Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
C) Controls the transport of materials from outside fluids to within
D) Stores energy in the form of ATP
Answer: A), B), and C)
Explanation: The cell membrane regulates cell signaling, mediates electrical conductance via
ion channels, and controls selective transport of substances. It does not store ATP;
mitochondria handle energy production and storage.
, ---
### 6. Which of the following are true of the cell? (Select all that apply)
A) Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane
B) Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell
C) Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures
D) Mitochondria synthesize proteins
Answer: A), B), and C)
Explanation: Cell membrane proteins are essential for transport and signaling; lysosomes
digest cellular debris; microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton. Protein synthesis occurs
mainly in ribosomes, not mitochondria.
---
### 7. Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances.
True or False?
Answer: False
Explanation: Metaplastic cells adapt by changing from one differentiated cell type to another
that is better suited to endure chronic stress or injury. This adaptive change often enhances
cell survival under persistent stress (e.g., squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract due to
smoking). Thus, metaplasia is generally a protective response.
---
### 8. Persistent metaplasia can lead to dysplasia.
