NS 3410 PRELIM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Supine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lying with your front facing upward
Prone - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lying with your front on the bed
Frontal plane (coronal plane) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Separates the body into anterior and posterior.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Separates the body into superior and
inferior
Sagittal Plane - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Separated the body into left and right.
Axial Skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Head, neck, and trunk. Main Axis of the body.
Appendicular Skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Consists of the appendages. Arms, legs, and girdles.
Abdominopelvic Regions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅
Right Hypochondriac- Organs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Right lobe of liver, gallbladder
Epigastric- Organs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Part of Liver
Left Hypochondriac- Organs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Spleen
Right Inguinal/Iliac- Organs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cecum, appendix
Hypogastric - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Bladder
,Dorsal Body Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Contains the cranial and vertebral cavities
Cranial cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅contains the brain
Vertebral cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅contains the spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities(TAP)
Thoracic cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅made of the left and right pleural cavities, superior
mediastinum, and pericadial cavity
Abdominal cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅contains the digestive viscera
Pelvic cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.
Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Comprised of: nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct
compartments rich in specific proteins. Contains genes. Control center of the cell. Dictates the kinds and
amounts of proteins to be synthesized.
Anucleate vs multinucleate.
mRNA's - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Directed to certain locations before proteins are made. Made in the
nucleus. Save energy and prevent interactions as proteins trafficked. Have zip codes to position
themselves within the cell.
Nucleolus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅synthesize rRNA, assemble ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Synthesizes lipids and steroids, detoxifies
drugs, metabolizes carbs/steroids, regulates Ca concentration.
,Sarcoplasmic reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Regulates Ca concentrations which is integral to muscle
contraction.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Protein folding, identifies misfolded proteins so
they are degraded in cytoplasm (ERAD). Can regulate pace of folding via process called UPR (unfolded
protein response).
Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Synthesize proteins. Contains two subunits made of rRNA.
Separated into two categories: free-floating in cytoplasm and fixed on rough ER.
Golgi Apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅packaging proteins into vesicles
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅proteins destined for release outside of the cell
Secretory Vesicles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅proteins stored in the vesicle within the cell until given the
signal for their release.
Lysosomal Enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅proteins targeted for lysosome; hydrolases, digestive
enzymes, membrane proteins.
Lysosome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cellular stomach. Spherical membrane bags containing powerful
digestive enzymes to clean up and recycle within the cell. Digest ingested bacteria, viruses and toxins.
Degrade nonfunctional organelles and macromolecules. Internal pH of 5.
Peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅smaller than lysosome. Detoxify harmful substances. Function in
fatty acid breakdown. Produce H2O2. Numerous in the liver and kidney for detoxification.
Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Convert organic materials into ATP. Cellualr respiration. Produces
95% of ATP needed to keep cell alive. Urea/ heme synthesis. Unique mitochondrial DNA.
Nonmembranous organelles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ribosomes and cytoskeleton
, Cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Dynamic series of rods running through the cytosol. Consists of
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Microfilaments - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅involved in cell motility and changes in cell shape. Actin
subunit,
Intermediate filaments - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Do not bind ATP or serve as tracks, main job is to resist
pulling forces.
Microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Attach to organelles and can move these using motor proteins.
Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical tubulin. Determine overall shape of cell and distribution of
organelles.
Polydactyl - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅many digits. Incidence in every 1 of 500 births.
Teratoma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a kind of tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal
derivatives of all three germ layers. Can contain hair, teeth, bone, and other complex organs. Is usually
an encapsulated tumor so it is usually benign.
Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one
another.
Physiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅is the study of the function of the body and how individual
parts/systems carry out life sustaining activities.
Hydrothorax - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅water
Hemothorax - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blood
Pyothorax - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅pus
Supine - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lying with your front facing upward
Prone - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lying with your front on the bed
Frontal plane (coronal plane) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Separates the body into anterior and posterior.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Separates the body into superior and
inferior
Sagittal Plane - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Separated the body into left and right.
Axial Skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Head, neck, and trunk. Main Axis of the body.
Appendicular Skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Consists of the appendages. Arms, legs, and girdles.
Abdominopelvic Regions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅
Right Hypochondriac- Organs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Right lobe of liver, gallbladder
Epigastric- Organs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Part of Liver
Left Hypochondriac- Organs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Spleen
Right Inguinal/Iliac- Organs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cecum, appendix
Hypogastric - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Bladder
,Dorsal Body Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Contains the cranial and vertebral cavities
Cranial cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅contains the brain
Vertebral cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅contains the spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities(TAP)
Thoracic cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅made of the left and right pleural cavities, superior
mediastinum, and pericadial cavity
Abdominal cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅contains the digestive viscera
Pelvic cavity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.
Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Comprised of: nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct
compartments rich in specific proteins. Contains genes. Control center of the cell. Dictates the kinds and
amounts of proteins to be synthesized.
Anucleate vs multinucleate.
mRNA's - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Directed to certain locations before proteins are made. Made in the
nucleus. Save energy and prevent interactions as proteins trafficked. Have zip codes to position
themselves within the cell.
Nucleolus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅synthesize rRNA, assemble ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Synthesizes lipids and steroids, detoxifies
drugs, metabolizes carbs/steroids, regulates Ca concentration.
,Sarcoplasmic reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Regulates Ca concentrations which is integral to muscle
contraction.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Protein folding, identifies misfolded proteins so
they are degraded in cytoplasm (ERAD). Can regulate pace of folding via process called UPR (unfolded
protein response).
Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Synthesize proteins. Contains two subunits made of rRNA.
Separated into two categories: free-floating in cytoplasm and fixed on rough ER.
Golgi Apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅packaging proteins into vesicles
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅proteins destined for release outside of the cell
Secretory Vesicles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅proteins stored in the vesicle within the cell until given the
signal for their release.
Lysosomal Enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅proteins targeted for lysosome; hydrolases, digestive
enzymes, membrane proteins.
Lysosome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cellular stomach. Spherical membrane bags containing powerful
digestive enzymes to clean up and recycle within the cell. Digest ingested bacteria, viruses and toxins.
Degrade nonfunctional organelles and macromolecules. Internal pH of 5.
Peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅smaller than lysosome. Detoxify harmful substances. Function in
fatty acid breakdown. Produce H2O2. Numerous in the liver and kidney for detoxification.
Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Convert organic materials into ATP. Cellualr respiration. Produces
95% of ATP needed to keep cell alive. Urea/ heme synthesis. Unique mitochondrial DNA.
Nonmembranous organelles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ribosomes and cytoskeleton
, Cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Dynamic series of rods running through the cytosol. Consists of
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Microfilaments - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅involved in cell motility and changes in cell shape. Actin
subunit,
Intermediate filaments - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Do not bind ATP or serve as tracks, main job is to resist
pulling forces.
Microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Attach to organelles and can move these using motor proteins.
Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical tubulin. Determine overall shape of cell and distribution of
organelles.
Polydactyl - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅many digits. Incidence in every 1 of 500 births.
Teratoma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a kind of tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal
derivatives of all three germ layers. Can contain hair, teeth, bone, and other complex organs. Is usually
an encapsulated tumor so it is usually benign.
Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one
another.
Physiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅is the study of the function of the body and how individual
parts/systems carry out life sustaining activities.
Hydrothorax - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅water
Hemothorax - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blood
Pyothorax - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅pus
