NR 507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Dermatomes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single
spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their
branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior
structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Parietal lobe- major area for somatic
sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct
tissue.
-no structural damage
,Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12
hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week.
glial scarring.
excitotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release
and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most
common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
, BPH and the urinary system - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small cell carcinoma of
the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia, weight gain,
thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump, protein wasting
Cause of hypoparathyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-decreased PTH
-Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.
- genetic syndromes, familial hypoparathyroidism, diGeorge syndrome, and idiopathic, or autoimmune
Dermatomes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single
spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their
branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior
structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Parietal lobe- major area for somatic
sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct
tissue.
-no structural damage
,Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12
hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week.
glial scarring.
excitotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release
and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most
common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
, BPH and the urinary system - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small cell carcinoma of
the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia, weight gain,
thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump, protein wasting
Cause of hypoparathyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-decreased PTH
-Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.
- genetic syndromes, familial hypoparathyroidism, diGeorge syndrome, and idiopathic, or autoimmune
