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HCR 240: Human Pathophysiology Exam 1 2026-2027 BANK
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS EXAM
QUESTIONS WILL COME FROM HERE (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Eukaryotes - ANSWERS---organelles
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
Organelles: nucleus - ANSWERS--contains DNA and RNA
Organelles: ribosomes - ANSWERS--synthesize polypeptides and
proteins from RNA
Organelles: rough endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERS---contains
ribosomes
-synthesize and fold proteins
Organelles: smooth endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERS---synthesize
lipids and steroid hormones
-remove toxic substances from the cell
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Organelles: golgi apparatus - ANSWERS--transport proteins,
polynucleotides, and polysaccharide molecules within the cell
Organelles: lysosomes and peroxisomes - ANSWERS--lysosome:
functions is intracellular digestion and autophagy
peroxisome: detoxify waste
Organelles: mitochondria - ANSWERS---cellular respiration and energy
production
-generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
Cytoplasm - ANSWERS---contains cytosol
-site of enzymatic biochemical reactions, protein synthesis, storage of
excess nutrients
Plasma membrane: diffusion - ANSWERS--solute molecules from high to
low concentration
Plama membrane: osmosis - ANSWERS--water from low solute
concentration to high solute concentration
Cell to cell adhesions: tissues - ANSWERS--connective, epithelial,
muscle, nervous tissue
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Cellular injury- hypoxia - ANSWERS--lack of oxygen
Hypoxia: ischemia - ANSWERS--lack of blood supply; most common
type of hypoxia
Hypoxia- asphyxiation - ANSWERS---injury due to cells not being able to
use or receive oxygen
-ex. suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
Hypoxia: carbon monoxide poisoning - ANSWERS--binds to hemoglobin
and prevents the transportation of oxygen around the body
Free radicals - ANSWERS---loss of an electron, highly reactive and bind
to anything (proteins, lipids, RNA, DNA) which causes damage to the
cell
Reactive oxygen species (ros) - ANSWERS---formed during
mitochondrial respiration
-role in chemical signaling
Toxic chemicals - ANSWERS---air pollution
-heavy metal toxicity: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
-ethanol
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environmental protection agencies - ANSWERS--carbon monoxide,
particle pollution, ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead
toxic chemicals: lead poisoning - ANSWERS---toxicity affects central and
peripheral nervous system
-cell damage
-treatment: chelation therapy
-suspicion in behavioral disorders
toxic chemicals: ethanol - ANSWERS---major nutritional deficiencies
-metabolism occurs in the liver
-acute: affects CNS
-chronic: gastritis
infectious agents: virulence of an organism depends on its ability to -
ANSWERS---invade and destroy cells
-produce toxins
-produce damaging hypersensitivity reactions
immunological reactions: immune mediated hypersensitivity reactions -
ANSWERS---abnormal immune system response to a foreign substance
-ex. allergies, asthma
HCR 240: Human Pathophysiology Exam 1 2026-2027 BANK
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS EXAM
QUESTIONS WILL COME FROM HERE (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Eukaryotes - ANSWERS---organelles
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
Organelles: nucleus - ANSWERS--contains DNA and RNA
Organelles: ribosomes - ANSWERS--synthesize polypeptides and
proteins from RNA
Organelles: rough endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERS---contains
ribosomes
-synthesize and fold proteins
Organelles: smooth endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERS---synthesize
lipids and steroid hormones
-remove toxic substances from the cell
,2|Page
Organelles: golgi apparatus - ANSWERS--transport proteins,
polynucleotides, and polysaccharide molecules within the cell
Organelles: lysosomes and peroxisomes - ANSWERS--lysosome:
functions is intracellular digestion and autophagy
peroxisome: detoxify waste
Organelles: mitochondria - ANSWERS---cellular respiration and energy
production
-generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
Cytoplasm - ANSWERS---contains cytosol
-site of enzymatic biochemical reactions, protein synthesis, storage of
excess nutrients
Plasma membrane: diffusion - ANSWERS--solute molecules from high to
low concentration
Plama membrane: osmosis - ANSWERS--water from low solute
concentration to high solute concentration
Cell to cell adhesions: tissues - ANSWERS--connective, epithelial,
muscle, nervous tissue
,3|Page
Cellular injury- hypoxia - ANSWERS--lack of oxygen
Hypoxia: ischemia - ANSWERS--lack of blood supply; most common
type of hypoxia
Hypoxia- asphyxiation - ANSWERS---injury due to cells not being able to
use or receive oxygen
-ex. suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
Hypoxia: carbon monoxide poisoning - ANSWERS--binds to hemoglobin
and prevents the transportation of oxygen around the body
Free radicals - ANSWERS---loss of an electron, highly reactive and bind
to anything (proteins, lipids, RNA, DNA) which causes damage to the
cell
Reactive oxygen species (ros) - ANSWERS---formed during
mitochondrial respiration
-role in chemical signaling
Toxic chemicals - ANSWERS---air pollution
-heavy metal toxicity: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
-ethanol
, 4|Page
environmental protection agencies - ANSWERS--carbon monoxide,
particle pollution, ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead
toxic chemicals: lead poisoning - ANSWERS---toxicity affects central and
peripheral nervous system
-cell damage
-treatment: chelation therapy
-suspicion in behavioral disorders
toxic chemicals: ethanol - ANSWERS---major nutritional deficiencies
-metabolism occurs in the liver
-acute: affects CNS
-chronic: gastritis
infectious agents: virulence of an organism depends on its ability to -
ANSWERS---invade and destroy cells
-produce toxins
-produce damaging hypersensitivity reactions
immunological reactions: immune mediated hypersensitivity reactions -
ANSWERS---abnormal immune system response to a foreign substance
-ex. allergies, asthma
