Bio 132 Exam 2 Newest Exam Complete Questions And Correct Answers With Rationales | Already Graded A+||Brand New Version!!

Bio 132 Exam 2 Newest Exam Complete Questions And Correct Answers With Rationales | Already Graded A+||Brand New Version!! cardiovascular system - Answer- consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood Pressures generated in the heart help to continuouslty move blood throughout the body Help to move nutrients, gases and substances throughout the body pressure gradient - Answer- Fluids flow from area of high pressure to area of low Blood flows out of heart when it contracts (high pressure) into vessels (low pressure) Note: pressure will be lost in vessels due to friction between blood and walls of arteries Septum - Answer- Divides the right and left chambers of the heart Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Basic heart anatomy - Answer- Two upper: left and right Arita receive blood Two lower: left and right ventricle pump blood out Blood Flow through body - Answer- Right Arita- right ventricle- lungs (via pulmonary arteries)- picks up O2 at lungs- left atria (via pulmonary veins)- left ventricle- rest of body to supply O2 (via aorta)- Inferior/ Superior vena cave- Back to start at Right atria coronary arteries - Answer- blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood BACK to the heart muscle Essentially nourishes heart with O2 Coronary vein - Answer- Drains the heart muscle tissue of blood and moves it BACK into the right atrium of the heart Artery - Answer- A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart Thickest smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue Deepest Vein - Answer- A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart. Thinner than ARTERY Superficial Has valves so blood always moves forward Larger lumen diameter than artery More compliant than artery (ability to stretch) Act as volume reservoir Hold 60% of blood in resting individual Capillaries - Answer- Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body Thick as one single cell Connects arterioles to venules Leaky epithelial tissue Exchange happens between cells (paracellular) or through cells (transcellular) apex and base of heart - Answer- A: lower tip B: upper, lies behind sternum Pericardium - Answer- a double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the heart that prevents overfilling of heart Visceral is inner layer (aka epicardium) Parietal is outer layer and attaches to diaphragm Filled with pericardial fluid (allow for frictionless work) pericarditis - Answer- inflammation of the pericardium Myocardium - Answer- Thick middle muscle layer of the heart Covered with connective tissue Systole - Answer- Contraction of the heart (Arita or ventricle) Increase of pressure on blood Diastole - Answer- Relaxation of the heart (atria or ventricle) Decrease of pressure on blood atrioventricular valves - Answer- tricuspid and bicuspid valves between Artia and ventricle Tri: Right Bi: Left Prevent back flow into atria Open and close due to pressure gradient semilunar valves - Answer- pulmonary valve and aortic valve Valves prevent back flow into ventricle Open and close due to pressure gradient Pulmonary: Right Aorta: Left Each valve with 3 cupcake like leaflets lub sound is caused by - Answer- closing of the atrioventricular valves First sound Dub sound caused by - Answer- Closing of the semilunar valves Second sound chordae tendineae - Answer- thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting Prevent them from being pushed back into atria during ventricular contraction papillary muscles - Answer- responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the chordae tendineae They simply provide stability to the chordae tendineae Prolapse - Answer- Failure of the chordae tendineae AV valve is pushed back into atria autorythmic cells - Answer- Conducting cells of the heart 1% Pacemaker cells Specialized to generate their own action potentials which allow the heart to beat without any outside signals Act as a neuron and cause the heart muscle cells to contract THEY DO NOT CONTRACT THEMSELVES (not enough actin and myosin) Cardiac Muscle - Answer- Smaller than skeletal muscle Striated Uninucleate Small sarcoplasmic reticular Mitochondrial occupy 30% (high energy demand) 75 % of O2 unloaded from hemoglobin HERE Branching of cells intercalated discs - Answer- specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes Communication between cardiac muscle cells Allow waves of depolarization to spread through heart rapidly Desmosomes - Answer- Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart gap junctions - Answer- provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells Allow for electrical synapse excitation contraction coupling - Answer- mechanism by which AP results in muscle contraction AP in heart causes mechanical event of contraction