OPTOMETRY EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ List the 4 Oculomotor Cranial Nerves of the EOMs. Answer: Oculomotor
(CN III)
-Medial Rectus
-Inferior Rectus
-Superior Rectus
-Inferior Oblique
▶ List the Trochlear Cranial Nerve of the EOMs. Answer: Trochlear (CN
IV)
-Superior Oblique
▶ List the Abducens Cranial Nerve of the EOMs. Answer: Abducens (CN
VI)
-Lateral Rectus
▶ Test for extraocular muscle in both eyes!. Answer: Diagnostic H pattern
for both eyes. Move the target into 9 positions of gaze. Doctor should be
30-40 cm directly in front of the patient. If a patient reports DIPLOPIA
(double vision) or PAIN - this should be followed up with a referral.
▶ Pupil. Answer: Variable sized black circular opening in the center of the
iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
▶ Miosis. Answer: Excessive constriction of the pupil of the eye.
▶ Mydriasis. Answer: Dilation of the pupil of the eye.
, ▶ The Pupil Response. Answer: Due to the anatomy of the visual
pathway, when a sensory stimulus is presented in one eye - there will be
motor output of both eyes.
▶ Direct Response. Answer: Monitoring the pupil response (constriction)
of the eye that is being directly stimulated (light in the eye) by the sensory
input.
▶ Consensual Response. Answer: Monitoring the pupil response of the
eye that is not being stimulated by the sensory input.
▶ Decussation of the Eye. Answer: Crossing in the shape of an X
connecting corresponding parts of the brain.
▶ Swinging Flashlight Test. Answer: Compares the afferent system of the
right eye vs. the left eye. Check pupillary response in a dim room checking
each eye for 2-3 seconds 1-2 inches away from the eye. If one pupil dilates
and remains dilated, there is a Relative Afferent Defect.
▶ PERRL - APD. Answer: Pupils Equal, Round, React to Light, No
Afferent Pupillary Defect
▶ Anisocoria. Answer: Unequal pupil sizes with varied causes ranging
from benign to life threatening (found in less than 4% of the population
>1mm). Estimated 20-40% population have a physiologic (benign)
difference of <1 mm between the right and left pupil.
▶ Adie's Tonic Pupil. Answer: Tonic pupil will not constrict in light due to
damage of the ciliary ganglion. Anisocoria appears GREATER IN THE
LIGHT.
▶ Horner's Syndrome. Answer: TRIAD: Ptosis (drooping of the eyelid),
Miosis (excessive constriction of the pupil of the eye), and
anhydrosis/Anhidrosis (inability to sweat normally). Caused by interruption
of the sympathetic pathway to the eye, problem GREATER IN THE DARK.
▶ Visual Field. Answer: Entire area of space that a person can see at one
time (patient's peripheral or side vision).
QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ List the 4 Oculomotor Cranial Nerves of the EOMs. Answer: Oculomotor
(CN III)
-Medial Rectus
-Inferior Rectus
-Superior Rectus
-Inferior Oblique
▶ List the Trochlear Cranial Nerve of the EOMs. Answer: Trochlear (CN
IV)
-Superior Oblique
▶ List the Abducens Cranial Nerve of the EOMs. Answer: Abducens (CN
VI)
-Lateral Rectus
▶ Test for extraocular muscle in both eyes!. Answer: Diagnostic H pattern
for both eyes. Move the target into 9 positions of gaze. Doctor should be
30-40 cm directly in front of the patient. If a patient reports DIPLOPIA
(double vision) or PAIN - this should be followed up with a referral.
▶ Pupil. Answer: Variable sized black circular opening in the center of the
iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
▶ Miosis. Answer: Excessive constriction of the pupil of the eye.
▶ Mydriasis. Answer: Dilation of the pupil of the eye.
, ▶ The Pupil Response. Answer: Due to the anatomy of the visual
pathway, when a sensory stimulus is presented in one eye - there will be
motor output of both eyes.
▶ Direct Response. Answer: Monitoring the pupil response (constriction)
of the eye that is being directly stimulated (light in the eye) by the sensory
input.
▶ Consensual Response. Answer: Monitoring the pupil response of the
eye that is not being stimulated by the sensory input.
▶ Decussation of the Eye. Answer: Crossing in the shape of an X
connecting corresponding parts of the brain.
▶ Swinging Flashlight Test. Answer: Compares the afferent system of the
right eye vs. the left eye. Check pupillary response in a dim room checking
each eye for 2-3 seconds 1-2 inches away from the eye. If one pupil dilates
and remains dilated, there is a Relative Afferent Defect.
▶ PERRL - APD. Answer: Pupils Equal, Round, React to Light, No
Afferent Pupillary Defect
▶ Anisocoria. Answer: Unequal pupil sizes with varied causes ranging
from benign to life threatening (found in less than 4% of the population
>1mm). Estimated 20-40% population have a physiologic (benign)
difference of <1 mm between the right and left pupil.
▶ Adie's Tonic Pupil. Answer: Tonic pupil will not constrict in light due to
damage of the ciliary ganglion. Anisocoria appears GREATER IN THE
LIGHT.
▶ Horner's Syndrome. Answer: TRIAD: Ptosis (drooping of the eyelid),
Miosis (excessive constriction of the pupil of the eye), and
anhydrosis/Anhidrosis (inability to sweat normally). Caused by interruption
of the sympathetic pathway to the eye, problem GREATER IN THE DARK.
▶ Visual Field. Answer: Entire area of space that a person can see at one
time (patient's peripheral or side vision).
