E109 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
A patient has the following arterial blood gases: PaCO2 = 33,
HCO3 =15, pH =7.31. Which condition below is presenting?
Correct Answers Metabolic acidosis partially compensated
Blood flow is largely regulated at a tissue level. Which of the
following could be said regarding this process? Correct
Answers A raised CO2 level results in vasodilation
Define hormone and describe sources and types of hormones.
Correct Answers cell to cell communication molecules that
coordinate all physiological processes and behavioral activities
Made in glands or cells:
(Functional hormones):
- Endocrine Hormones - Travel through the blood to act at a site
distant from the secreting endocrine cell or gland
• Paracrine Hormones - Act on cells near the secreting cell
• Autocrine Hormones - Act on the secreting cell
• Neurocrine Hormones - Secreted by neural cells
• neurotransmitters
• neurohormones
(Chemical hormones):
• Protein & Polypeptide
• Amine (amino acid derived)
• Steroid
Deoxygenated blood entering the alveoli has dissolved oxygen
with partial pressure of 40 mmHg, while alveolar air has oxygen
present at a partial pressure of 90 mmHg. Assuming normal
diffusion capacity, what will be the partial pressure of dissolved
,oxygen in blood that leaves the lungs? Correct Answers 90
mmHg
Describe differences in time course of action, mode of action of
different classes of hormones. Correct Answers Long distance
communication:
-endocrine hormones: signal cells that travel through blood until
reach target cell with receptor
- Neurohormones: neurons release chemicals that travel through
blood to distant target cell w/ receptor
- polypeptide hormones: amino acid signal sequence
(preprohormone) is synthesized in ribosome of ER; enzymes
chop off signal sequence (inactive prohormone); enzymes chop
prohormone into active fragments which are released into blood
to move to target cell
Local communication:
- Paracrine hormones: diffuse onto receptors on adjacent cell
-Autocrine hormones: diffuse to receptor on same cell
-Neurotransmitter: diffuse across small gap to target cell
Describe how a bolus of food is driven by the activity of smooth
muscles in the GI tract. Correct Answers 1. Ingest food:
amylase starts chemical breakdown in mouth, then food is
swallowed and moved to oropharynx with tongue, then pushed
to esophagus with skeletal muscle contraction, then propelled to
stomach
2. in stomach: bolus of food churned by stomach muscle
contractions then moves to duodenum in small intestine digest
food --> food moves down by rhythmic contraction of GI tract
, Describe the control of the trophic hormones and their control of
the endocrine hormones (i.e. prolactin, thyroid hormone,
cortisol, IGFs, androgens and estrogen/progesterone). Correct
Answers Trophic hormones inhibit or stimulate hormones
released from anterior pituitary
- trophic hormones travel along portal vessels to anterior
pituitary --> stimulates endocrine hormones in anterior pituitary
to release their hormones into capillaries to travel to tissue
Describe the major anatomical features of each section of the
digestive tract. Correct Answers Mouth-chews food and begins
chemical breakdown of carbs and lipids, moves food into
pharynx
Pharynx-propels food from oral cavity to esophagus
Esophagus-propels food to stomach
Stomach-mixes food with gastric juices to form chyme, breaks
down proteins, releases food into duodenum as chyme, absorbs
fat-soluble substances, antimicrobial functions; has stretch
muscles; lots of HCl so v acidic; if lower esophageal sphincter
doesn't fully close b/c of overeating --> heartburn
Small intestine-mixes chyme with digestive juices, propels food
at slow rate for digestion and absorption, chemical digestion:
breaks down macros and pancreatic enzyme released; absorbs
broken down macromolecules + vitamins/minerals and passively
absorbs water, performs physical digestion via segmentation
Liver-emulsifies lipids, produces bile, synthesizes plasma
proteins
Gallbladder-stores, concentrates, releases bile
Pancreas-produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate (has
duodenum)
A patient has the following arterial blood gases: PaCO2 = 33,
HCO3 =15, pH =7.31. Which condition below is presenting?
Correct Answers Metabolic acidosis partially compensated
Blood flow is largely regulated at a tissue level. Which of the
following could be said regarding this process? Correct
Answers A raised CO2 level results in vasodilation
Define hormone and describe sources and types of hormones.
Correct Answers cell to cell communication molecules that
coordinate all physiological processes and behavioral activities
Made in glands or cells:
(Functional hormones):
- Endocrine Hormones - Travel through the blood to act at a site
distant from the secreting endocrine cell or gland
• Paracrine Hormones - Act on cells near the secreting cell
• Autocrine Hormones - Act on the secreting cell
• Neurocrine Hormones - Secreted by neural cells
• neurotransmitters
• neurohormones
(Chemical hormones):
• Protein & Polypeptide
• Amine (amino acid derived)
• Steroid
Deoxygenated blood entering the alveoli has dissolved oxygen
with partial pressure of 40 mmHg, while alveolar air has oxygen
present at a partial pressure of 90 mmHg. Assuming normal
diffusion capacity, what will be the partial pressure of dissolved
,oxygen in blood that leaves the lungs? Correct Answers 90
mmHg
Describe differences in time course of action, mode of action of
different classes of hormones. Correct Answers Long distance
communication:
-endocrine hormones: signal cells that travel through blood until
reach target cell with receptor
- Neurohormones: neurons release chemicals that travel through
blood to distant target cell w/ receptor
- polypeptide hormones: amino acid signal sequence
(preprohormone) is synthesized in ribosome of ER; enzymes
chop off signal sequence (inactive prohormone); enzymes chop
prohormone into active fragments which are released into blood
to move to target cell
Local communication:
- Paracrine hormones: diffuse onto receptors on adjacent cell
-Autocrine hormones: diffuse to receptor on same cell
-Neurotransmitter: diffuse across small gap to target cell
Describe how a bolus of food is driven by the activity of smooth
muscles in the GI tract. Correct Answers 1. Ingest food:
amylase starts chemical breakdown in mouth, then food is
swallowed and moved to oropharynx with tongue, then pushed
to esophagus with skeletal muscle contraction, then propelled to
stomach
2. in stomach: bolus of food churned by stomach muscle
contractions then moves to duodenum in small intestine digest
food --> food moves down by rhythmic contraction of GI tract
, Describe the control of the trophic hormones and their control of
the endocrine hormones (i.e. prolactin, thyroid hormone,
cortisol, IGFs, androgens and estrogen/progesterone). Correct
Answers Trophic hormones inhibit or stimulate hormones
released from anterior pituitary
- trophic hormones travel along portal vessels to anterior
pituitary --> stimulates endocrine hormones in anterior pituitary
to release their hormones into capillaries to travel to tissue
Describe the major anatomical features of each section of the
digestive tract. Correct Answers Mouth-chews food and begins
chemical breakdown of carbs and lipids, moves food into
pharynx
Pharynx-propels food from oral cavity to esophagus
Esophagus-propels food to stomach
Stomach-mixes food with gastric juices to form chyme, breaks
down proteins, releases food into duodenum as chyme, absorbs
fat-soluble substances, antimicrobial functions; has stretch
muscles; lots of HCl so v acidic; if lower esophageal sphincter
doesn't fully close b/c of overeating --> heartburn
Small intestine-mixes chyme with digestive juices, propels food
at slow rate for digestion and absorption, chemical digestion:
breaks down macros and pancreatic enzyme released; absorbs
broken down macromolecules + vitamins/minerals and passively
absorbs water, performs physical digestion via segmentation
Liver-emulsifies lipids, produces bile, synthesizes plasma
proteins
Gallbladder-stores, concentrates, releases bile
Pancreas-produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate (has
duodenum)
