NURS 753 Final Exam Study Guide
Questions With Correct Answers
What is innate immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-provides immediate
| | | | | | | |
protection and is nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against all invaders.
| | | | | | | | | |
What is adaptative immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Can take 7-10 days to
| | | | | | | | | | |
provide protection, but it is specific to the antigens.
| | | | | | | |
What is antigen? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-a foreign agent that triggers the
| | | | | | | | | | |
production of antibodies by the immune system
| | | | | |
What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-a protein used by
| | | | | | | | | |
the immune system to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses
| | | | | | | | | | | |
and bacteria
|
What is autoantibody? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-an antibody made by the
| | | | | | | | | |
immune system that attacks an individual's own proteins
| | | | | | |
What is lysozyme? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-an enzyme that dissolves bacterial
| | | | | | | | | |
cell walls.
|
What is pyrogens? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Molecules that cause the systemic
| | | | | | | | | |
response of fever | |
,What is Humoral immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-interaction to produce
| | | | | | | | |
antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell function or humoral immunity)
| | | | | | | |
What is cell-mediated immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-is the main mechanism
| | | | | | | | |
|by which the body fights the tubercle bacillus and starts a few weeks after
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
infection.
What is Human Leukocyte antigen system? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-known as
| | | | | | | | | |
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are
| | | | | | | | | | | |
expressed on the surface of the WBC. | | | | | |
What is alloimmunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Four types of tissue transplants
| | | | | | | | | |
are possible—allogeneic, syngeneic, autologous, and xenogenic.
| | | | |
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
species and is of similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
| | | | | | | | | | |
What is autoimmunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Failure of central and peripheral
| | | | | | | | | |
tolerance, sequestration, and regulatory mechanisms | | | |
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
bone marrow for B cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance,
| | | | | | | | | | |
B or T cells that are autoreactive (bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
cells migrate, peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
| | | | | | | | |
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune
| | | | | | | | | | |
system has regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
| | | | | | | | | |
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
| | | | |
,What is allogenic? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Those in which tissue used is from the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
same species and is of similar tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
are allogenic.
|
What is autologous? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-hosts and donor are the same
| | | | | | | | | | |
person for transplants. | |
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-o The same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
| | | | | | | | |
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
| | | | | | | | |
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
inflammatory response is triggered. | | |
Describe the Acute phase of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Starts
| | | | | | | | |
immediately after the injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|days)
Describe the chronic phase of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Takes over
| | | | | | | | | |
until healing and repair are complete (weeks or months).
| | | | | | | | |
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
| | | | | | | | | | |
·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Driven by mast cells. | | |
HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Fever is distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant
| | | | | | | | | | |
, hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase is regulated, and
| | | | | | | | |
thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning. | | | | | | | |
Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in
| | | | | | | | | |
temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an external factor.
| | | | | | | | | | |
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-o Interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but
| | | | | | | | | | | |
rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.
| | | | | | | | | |
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
that inhibit viral replication.
| | |
FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and | | | | | | | | |
enhances the action of antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in the blood in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
an inactive state.
| |
FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-is activated during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in
| | | | | | | | |
the inflammatory response by attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of
| | | | | | | | | | |
injury and causing increased vascular permeability.
| | | | |
FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Activation primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. | | | | | | | |
Bradykinin causes pain, increased vascular permeability through vasodilation,
| | | | | | | |
neutrophil recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
| | | | | |
Questions With Correct Answers
What is innate immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-provides immediate
| | | | | | | |
protection and is nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against all invaders.
| | | | | | | | | |
What is adaptative immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Can take 7-10 days to
| | | | | | | | | | |
provide protection, but it is specific to the antigens.
| | | | | | | |
What is antigen? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-a foreign agent that triggers the
| | | | | | | | | | |
production of antibodies by the immune system
| | | | | |
What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-a protein used by
| | | | | | | | | |
the immune system to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses
| | | | | | | | | | | |
and bacteria
|
What is autoantibody? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-an antibody made by the
| | | | | | | | | |
immune system that attacks an individual's own proteins
| | | | | | |
What is lysozyme? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-an enzyme that dissolves bacterial
| | | | | | | | | |
cell walls.
|
What is pyrogens? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Molecules that cause the systemic
| | | | | | | | | |
response of fever | |
,What is Humoral immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-interaction to produce
| | | | | | | | |
antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell function or humoral immunity)
| | | | | | | |
What is cell-mediated immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-is the main mechanism
| | | | | | | | |
|by which the body fights the tubercle bacillus and starts a few weeks after
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
infection.
What is Human Leukocyte antigen system? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-known as
| | | | | | | | | |
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are
| | | | | | | | | | | |
expressed on the surface of the WBC. | | | | | |
What is alloimmunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Four types of tissue transplants
| | | | | | | | | |
are possible—allogeneic, syngeneic, autologous, and xenogenic.
| | | | |
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
species and is of similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
| | | | | | | | | | |
What is autoimmunity? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Failure of central and peripheral
| | | | | | | | | |
tolerance, sequestration, and regulatory mechanisms | | | |
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
bone marrow for B cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance,
| | | | | | | | | | |
B or T cells that are autoreactive (bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
cells migrate, peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
| | | | | | | | |
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune
| | | | | | | | | | |
system has regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
| | | | | | | | | |
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
| | | | |
,What is allogenic? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Those in which tissue used is from the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
same species and is of similar tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
are allogenic.
|
What is autologous? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-hosts and donor are the same
| | | | | | | | | | |
person for transplants. | |
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-o The same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
| | | | | | | | |
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
| | | | | | | | |
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
inflammatory response is triggered. | | |
Describe the Acute phase of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Starts
| | | | | | | | |
immediately after the injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|days)
Describe the chronic phase of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-o Takes over
| | | | | | | | | |
until healing and repair are complete (weeks or months).
| | | | | | | | |
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
| | | | | | | | | | |
·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Driven by mast cells. | | |
HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Fever is distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant
| | | | | | | | | | |
, hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase is regulated, and
| | | | | | | | |
thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning. | | | | | | | |
Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in
| | | | | | | | | |
temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an external factor.
| | | | | | | | | | |
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-o Interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but
| | | | | | | | | | | |
rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.
| | | | | | | | | |
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
that inhibit viral replication.
| | |
FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and | | | | | | | | |
enhances the action of antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in the blood in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
an inactive state.
| |
FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-is activated during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in
| | | | | | | | |
the inflammatory response by attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of
| | | | | | | | | | |
injury and causing increased vascular permeability.
| | | | |
FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Activation primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. | | | | | | | |
Bradykinin causes pain, increased vascular permeability through vasodilation,
| | | | | | | |
neutrophil recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
| | | | | |
