PSY 100 Test 1 University of Toronto, Prof.
Ashley Waggoner-Denton Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
Science - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The use of systematic observation to acquire
| | | | | | | | | |
knowledge.
Systematic observation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The careful observation of the
| | | | | | | | |
natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide basic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
data that allow scientists to track, tally, and organize information about the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
natural world. |
Naturalistic Observation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Passive observation. Observers
| | | | | | |
do not change or alter ongoing behaviour (at least not intentionally)
| | | | | | | | | |
Empirical methods - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Approaches to inquiry that are tied to
| | | | | | | | | |
actual measurement and observation.
| | | |
Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A logical idea that can be tested.
| | | | | | | | |
Theories - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Groups of closely related phenomena or
| | | | | | | | |
observations.
,Francis Galton - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A pioneering psychological researcher in
| | | | | | | | |
the late 1800s who in his research with twins, coined the term "nature vs.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nurture."
Ethics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Professional guidelines that offer researchers a
| | | | | | | | |
template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential
| | | | | | | | | |
harm and that help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
situations that might compromise the integrity of their research.
| | | | | | | |
Aspects of an ethical experiment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-I Can't Protect Ugly
| | | | | | | | | | |
Dogs
1. Informed consent
| |
2. Confidentiality
|
3. Privacy
|
4. Understanding of risks and benefits
| | | | |
5. Debriefing
|
Goal attainment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-You are more likely to attain a
| | | | | | | | | | |
promotion goal (a goal to attain a positive outcome) rather than a prevention goal
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
(a goal to prevent an unwanted outcome). Also more likely to attain an intrinsic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
goal (a goal dependent on yourself) than an extrinsic goal (a goal dependent on
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
someone else, ie. your mom being proud). | | | | | |
Mental contrasting - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Comparing what is different in your
| | | | | | | | | |
future that allows your goals to be realized. What are the negative things about
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
,your present reality blocking you from attaining the goal? Don't just think about
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the negative present, focus on the positive future as well.
| | | | | | | | |
Implementation intentions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-In goal setting, you have to
| | | | | | | | | |
think if x happens I will do y. This way you will not be derailed by obstacles
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
because you've already thought about how to deal with them.
| | | | | | | | |
Wilhelm Wundt - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Introduced structuralism, which uses
| | | | | | | |
introspection to connect components of the mind. Established first psychology
| | | | | | | | | |
laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Invented the "thought
| | | | | | | | | | | |
meter", reflecting the beginning of empiricism in psychology.
| | | | | | |
Edward Titchener - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A student of Wundt and the father of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
structuralism, the idea that the human mind could be broken down into certain
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
elements. He believed if we understood conscious experience separately-
| | | | | | | | |
feelings, thoughts, etc, then we'd understand the mind as a whole. Focused on
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
describing what happens in the minds of individuals.
| | | | | | |
Structuralism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-An early school of psychology that used
| | | | | | | | | |
introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
| | | | | | | | |
Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A school of psychology that focused on
| | | | | | | | | |
how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|survive, and flourish. Its biggest proponent was William James, who was heavily
| | | | | | | | | | | |
influenced by Darwin. | |
Gestalt theory - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Rejected structuralism, arguing that we
| | | | | | | | |
should look at the mind as a whole because the whole of personal experience is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
, different from simply the sum of its constituent elements. Gestalt experiments
| | | | | | | | | | |
show that the brain is not a passive receiver of information, it actively filters
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
incoming information to make sense of it. | | | | | |
William James - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Founder of functionalism; studied how
| | | | | | | | |
humans use perception to function in our environment. Helped develop a theory
| | | | | | | | | | | |
of emotion.
|
Behaviourism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Believed that the mind is a black box we
| | | | | | | | | | | |
cannot understand, and thus psychologists should only be interested in
| | | | | | | | | |
observable behavior. Its two biggest proponents were John B. Watson and B.F.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Skinner.
Cognitive Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-(1950s-60s) Psychogists began to
| | | | | | | |
reject behaviourism and focus on cognitive psychology and social psychology.
| | | | | | | | | |
Behaviour began to be explained by the mind. | | | | | | |
Decade of the Brain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-(90s-) New emphasis on the brain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
itself, and understanding the brain's impact on behaviour. (Ex. fMRI machines)
| | | | | | | | | |
Biopsychosocial model - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Idea that behaviour is a product | | | | | | | | | |
of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, all of which can interact
| | | | | | | | | | |
and influence one another.
| | |
Clever Hans - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A horse capable of answering questions
| | | | | | | | | |
from humans. After investigation, it was realized that the horse picked up on
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
small cues from people asking it questions in order to provide the correct answer.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ashley Waggoner-Denton Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
Science - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The use of systematic observation to acquire
| | | | | | | | | |
knowledge.
Systematic observation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The careful observation of the
| | | | | | | | |
natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide basic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
data that allow scientists to track, tally, and organize information about the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
natural world. |
Naturalistic Observation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Passive observation. Observers
| | | | | | |
do not change or alter ongoing behaviour (at least not intentionally)
| | | | | | | | | |
Empirical methods - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Approaches to inquiry that are tied to
| | | | | | | | | |
actual measurement and observation.
| | | |
Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A logical idea that can be tested.
| | | | | | | | |
Theories - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Groups of closely related phenomena or
| | | | | | | | |
observations.
,Francis Galton - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A pioneering psychological researcher in
| | | | | | | | |
the late 1800s who in his research with twins, coined the term "nature vs.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nurture."
Ethics - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Professional guidelines that offer researchers a
| | | | | | | | |
template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential
| | | | | | | | | |
harm and that help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
situations that might compromise the integrity of their research.
| | | | | | | |
Aspects of an ethical experiment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-I Can't Protect Ugly
| | | | | | | | | | |
Dogs
1. Informed consent
| |
2. Confidentiality
|
3. Privacy
|
4. Understanding of risks and benefits
| | | | |
5. Debriefing
|
Goal attainment - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-You are more likely to attain a
| | | | | | | | | | |
promotion goal (a goal to attain a positive outcome) rather than a prevention goal
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
(a goal to prevent an unwanted outcome). Also more likely to attain an intrinsic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
goal (a goal dependent on yourself) than an extrinsic goal (a goal dependent on
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
someone else, ie. your mom being proud). | | | | | |
Mental contrasting - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Comparing what is different in your
| | | | | | | | | |
future that allows your goals to be realized. What are the negative things about
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
,your present reality blocking you from attaining the goal? Don't just think about
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the negative present, focus on the positive future as well.
| | | | | | | | |
Implementation intentions - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-In goal setting, you have to
| | | | | | | | | |
think if x happens I will do y. This way you will not be derailed by obstacles
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
because you've already thought about how to deal with them.
| | | | | | | | |
Wilhelm Wundt - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Introduced structuralism, which uses
| | | | | | | |
introspection to connect components of the mind. Established first psychology
| | | | | | | | | |
laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Invented the "thought
| | | | | | | | | | | |
meter", reflecting the beginning of empiricism in psychology.
| | | | | | |
Edward Titchener - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A student of Wundt and the father of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
structuralism, the idea that the human mind could be broken down into certain
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
elements. He believed if we understood conscious experience separately-
| | | | | | | | |
feelings, thoughts, etc, then we'd understand the mind as a whole. Focused on
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
describing what happens in the minds of individuals.
| | | | | | |
Structuralism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-An early school of psychology that used
| | | | | | | | | |
introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
| | | | | | | | |
Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A school of psychology that focused on
| | | | | | | | | |
how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|survive, and flourish. Its biggest proponent was William James, who was heavily
| | | | | | | | | | | |
influenced by Darwin. | |
Gestalt theory - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Rejected structuralism, arguing that we
| | | | | | | | |
should look at the mind as a whole because the whole of personal experience is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
, different from simply the sum of its constituent elements. Gestalt experiments
| | | | | | | | | | |
show that the brain is not a passive receiver of information, it actively filters
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
incoming information to make sense of it. | | | | | |
William James - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Founder of functionalism; studied how
| | | | | | | | |
humans use perception to function in our environment. Helped develop a theory
| | | | | | | | | | | |
of emotion.
|
Behaviourism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Believed that the mind is a black box we
| | | | | | | | | | | |
cannot understand, and thus psychologists should only be interested in
| | | | | | | | | |
observable behavior. Its two biggest proponents were John B. Watson and B.F.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Skinner.
Cognitive Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-(1950s-60s) Psychogists began to
| | | | | | | |
reject behaviourism and focus on cognitive psychology and social psychology.
| | | | | | | | | |
Behaviour began to be explained by the mind. | | | | | | |
Decade of the Brain - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-(90s-) New emphasis on the brain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
itself, and understanding the brain's impact on behaviour. (Ex. fMRI machines)
| | | | | | | | | |
Biopsychosocial model - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Idea that behaviour is a product | | | | | | | | | |
of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, all of which can interact
| | | | | | | | | | |
and influence one another.
| | |
Clever Hans - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A horse capable of answering questions
| | | | | | | | | |
from humans. After investigation, it was realized that the horse picked up on
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
small cues from people asking it questions in order to provide the correct answer.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
