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-cell instructed to undergo apoptosis
-chromatin shuts down and condenses
-cell fragments into apoptotic bodies
-plasma membrane is intact, expresses "eat me" signals
-phagocytes like a macrophage eat fragments
(minimal inflammatory reaction)
,pathology
the study of structural, biochemical and functional changes in cells, tissues
and organs that underlie disease
etiology
the initiating cause of disease
pathogenesis
the sequence of molecular, biochemical, and cellular events that lead to the
development of disease
morphology
there are characteristic structural alterations of a disease that can be
observed
disease
a significant deviation from normalcy associated with dysfunction or death of
cells, tissues or organs
homeostasis
cells have a narrow range of function dictated by differentiation,
microenvironment
, adaptation
new steady state due to excess stress
injury
if stress exceeds adaptive capacity of cell
cell death
result of irreversible injury
do molecular alterations or morphologic alterations become detectable
first?
molecular alterations
targets of cell injury
-membranes: both cellular and of organelles
-aerobic respiration
-protein synthesis
-genetic apparatuses
basic sources of cell injury
-hypoxia (deficiency of O2)
-reactive oxygen species (free radicals)
-chemical injury
-disturbance of calcium homeostasis