Patho 370 - Midterm exam (Chapters
1,2,4,7,10,11,13,14,15,16,18,19,20,22,23,24,25) Actual Complete
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already Graded A+
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[Ch 1] Define Endemic
A disease that is NATIVE/normally present in a local region.
[Ch 1] Define Etiology
The study of CAUSES of disease (why it occurs).
[Ch 1] Idiopathic vs. Iatrogenic
Idiopathic = UNKNOWN cause. Iatrogenic = caused by MEDICAL TREATMENT.
[Ch 1] Multifactorial Etiology
Disease caused by MULTIPLE factors interacting (genetics + environment +
lifestyle).
[Ch 1] Sign vs. Symptom
SIGN = OBJECTIVE (clinician observes: fever, rash). SYMPTOM =
SUBJECTIVE (patient reports: pain, nausea).
,[Ch 1] Define Syndrome
A group of signs/symptoms occurring together with NO single known cause.
[Ch 1] Latent / Incubation Period
Time between EXPOSURE and FIRST appearance of signs/symptoms (no
symptoms yet).
[Ch 1] Prodromal Period
FIRST nonspecific signs/symptoms appear (headache, malaise, fatigue).
[Ch 1] Subclinical Stage
Disease is present but NO obvious symptoms.
[Ch 1] Acute vs. Chronic
Acute = SHORT (hours-weeks), severe. Chronic = LONG (months-years).
[Ch 1] Remission
Symptoms decline or disappear. >5 years permanent remission = considered
cured.
[Ch 1] Sensitivity
Probability test is POSITIVE in someone who HAS the disease. High
sensitivity = good for SCREENING (rules disease OUT if negative —
SnNout).
,[Ch 1] Specificity
Probability test is NEGATIVE in someone WITHOUT the disease. High
specificity = good for CONFIRMING (rules disease IN if positive —
SpPin).
[Ch 1] Endemic vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic
ENDEMIC = native to a region. EPIDEMIC = many people same time.
PANDEMIC = multiple countries/continents.
[Ch 1] Incidence vs. Prevalence
INCIDENCE = NEW cases. PREVALENCE = TOTAL cases (new + old).
[Ch 2] Define Homeostasis
'Staying the same' — keeping internal parameters within a NARROW set range.
[Ch 2] Define Allostasis
'Stability through CHANGE' — body adapts/changes parameters to meet
environmental demands.
[Ch 2] Acute Stress Hormones
From SNS / Adrenal MEDULLA: NOREPINEPHRINE (vasoconstriction α1) and
EPINEPHRINE (↑HR β1, bronchodilation β2, ↑glucose).
, [Ch 2] Chronic Stress Pathway (HPA)
Hypothalamus → CRH → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal CORTEX →
CORTISOL (↑ glucose, ↑ protein catabolism, immunosuppression).
[Ch 2] Selye's 3 Phases of Stress
1. ALARM (fight-or-flight); 2. RESISTANCE (adapt); 3. EXHAUSTION (resources
depleted → damage/death).
[Ch 2] SNS Effects of Norepinephrine
↑ HR, ↑ BP via vasoconstriction, ↓ GI motility, pupil dilation, ↑ blood
glucose, sweating, urinary retention.
[Ch 2] Allostatic Overload
Cumulative cost of chronic stress EXCEEDS ability to cope → 'diseases of
adaptation' (HTN, heart disease, depression, diabetes).
[Ch 2] Negative Feedback
Reverses a change to return to set point (most common). Ex: ↑BP →
baroreceptors
→ slow HR.
[Ch 2] Positive Feedback
AMPLIFIES a change (rare). Ex: childbirth (oxytocin), clotting cascade.
1,2,4,7,10,11,13,14,15,16,18,19,20,22,23,24,25) Actual Complete
Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already Graded A+
|Guaranteed Success!! Newest Exam | Just Released!!
[Ch 1] Define Endemic
A disease that is NATIVE/normally present in a local region.
[Ch 1] Define Etiology
The study of CAUSES of disease (why it occurs).
[Ch 1] Idiopathic vs. Iatrogenic
Idiopathic = UNKNOWN cause. Iatrogenic = caused by MEDICAL TREATMENT.
[Ch 1] Multifactorial Etiology
Disease caused by MULTIPLE factors interacting (genetics + environment +
lifestyle).
[Ch 1] Sign vs. Symptom
SIGN = OBJECTIVE (clinician observes: fever, rash). SYMPTOM =
SUBJECTIVE (patient reports: pain, nausea).
,[Ch 1] Define Syndrome
A group of signs/symptoms occurring together with NO single known cause.
[Ch 1] Latent / Incubation Period
Time between EXPOSURE and FIRST appearance of signs/symptoms (no
symptoms yet).
[Ch 1] Prodromal Period
FIRST nonspecific signs/symptoms appear (headache, malaise, fatigue).
[Ch 1] Subclinical Stage
Disease is present but NO obvious symptoms.
[Ch 1] Acute vs. Chronic
Acute = SHORT (hours-weeks), severe. Chronic = LONG (months-years).
[Ch 1] Remission
Symptoms decline or disappear. >5 years permanent remission = considered
cured.
[Ch 1] Sensitivity
Probability test is POSITIVE in someone who HAS the disease. High
sensitivity = good for SCREENING (rules disease OUT if negative —
SnNout).
,[Ch 1] Specificity
Probability test is NEGATIVE in someone WITHOUT the disease. High
specificity = good for CONFIRMING (rules disease IN if positive —
SpPin).
[Ch 1] Endemic vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic
ENDEMIC = native to a region. EPIDEMIC = many people same time.
PANDEMIC = multiple countries/continents.
[Ch 1] Incidence vs. Prevalence
INCIDENCE = NEW cases. PREVALENCE = TOTAL cases (new + old).
[Ch 2] Define Homeostasis
'Staying the same' — keeping internal parameters within a NARROW set range.
[Ch 2] Define Allostasis
'Stability through CHANGE' — body adapts/changes parameters to meet
environmental demands.
[Ch 2] Acute Stress Hormones
From SNS / Adrenal MEDULLA: NOREPINEPHRINE (vasoconstriction α1) and
EPINEPHRINE (↑HR β1, bronchodilation β2, ↑glucose).
, [Ch 2] Chronic Stress Pathway (HPA)
Hypothalamus → CRH → Anterior Pituitary → ACTH → Adrenal CORTEX →
CORTISOL (↑ glucose, ↑ protein catabolism, immunosuppression).
[Ch 2] Selye's 3 Phases of Stress
1. ALARM (fight-or-flight); 2. RESISTANCE (adapt); 3. EXHAUSTION (resources
depleted → damage/death).
[Ch 2] SNS Effects of Norepinephrine
↑ HR, ↑ BP via vasoconstriction, ↓ GI motility, pupil dilation, ↑ blood
glucose, sweating, urinary retention.
[Ch 2] Allostatic Overload
Cumulative cost of chronic stress EXCEEDS ability to cope → 'diseases of
adaptation' (HTN, heart disease, depression, diabetes).
[Ch 2] Negative Feedback
Reverses a change to return to set point (most common). Ex: ↑BP →
baroreceptors
→ slow HR.
[Ch 2] Positive Feedback
AMPLIFIES a change (rare). Ex: childbirth (oxytocin), clotting cascade.
