NR507- ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 2025-2026 WITH CORRCT
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - answer- Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - answer- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such
as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor),
systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Acute renal failure - answer- Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output;
this indicates that kidneys are functioning well
,Acute Pyelonephritis - answer- Diagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - answer- End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient
is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather
than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
, --Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - answer- There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - answer- There is kidney damage with mild decrease
in GFR
60-89
GERD - answer- Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 2025-2026 WITH CORRCT
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - answer- Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - answer- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such
as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor),
systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Acute renal failure - answer- Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output;
this indicates that kidneys are functioning well
,Acute Pyelonephritis - answer- Diagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - answer- End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient
is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather
than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
, --Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - answer- There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - answer- There is kidney damage with mild decrease
in GFR
60-89
GERD - answer- Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
