NU606 | NU606 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2
Version 1 | Questions with Correct Answers and
Expert Explanation for Each Question | Regis
1. Which type of anemia is characterized by the presence of macrocytic-normochromic
erythrocytes?
A. Iron deficiency anemia
B. Sideroblastic anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Thalassemia
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Pernicious anemia is a macrocytic-normochromic anemia
caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, often due to a lack of intrinsic factor. These cells
are larger than normal (macrocytic) but have a normal concentration of hemoglobin
(normochromic). This condition is often associated with neurological symptoms and
requires lifelong B12 supplementation.
2. What is the primary underlying mechanism of Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation (DIC)?
A. Localized clotting in large veins
B. Isolated platelet destruction
,C. Congenital deficiency of Factor VIII
D. Widespread activation of the coagulation cascade
Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: DIC involves the systemic activation of the clotting cascade,
which results in widespread microvascular thrombi. This process consumes clotting
factors and platelets, ultimately leading to severe bleeding. It is usually triggered by
a secondary condition such as sepsis, trauma, or cancer.
3. A patient presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and crackles in the lungs. Which
condition is most likely?
A. Right-sided heart failure
B. Chronic bronchitis
C. Left-sided heart failure
D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion
because the left ventricle cannot effectively pump blood into the systemic
circulation. This increases pressure in the pulmonary veins, causing fluid to leak
,into the alveoli, resulting in crackles and orthopnea. In contrast, right-sided heart
failure primarily results in systemic edema and jugular venous distention.
4. Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of emphysema?
A. Reversible bronchospasm and inflammation
B. Excessive mucus production in the bronchi
C. Infection of the lung parenchyma
D. Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil
Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: Emphysema is characterized by the permanent enlargement
of gas-exchange airways and the destruction of alveolar walls. This leads to a loss of
elastic recoil, which causes air trapping and difficulty with expiration. Smoking is
the most common cause of this progressive obstructive lung disease.
5. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary effect of
Angiotensin II?
A. Vasodilation and decreased heart rate
B. Potassium retention and sodium excretion
C. Vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone
D. Inhibition of ADH secretion
, Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases
systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. It also stimulates the adrenal
cortex to release aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water retention. These
mechanisms collectively work to increase blood volume and pressure during states
of hypotension.
6. Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark of Reed-Sternberg cells?
A. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
B. Multiple Myeloma
C. Hodgkin Lymphoma
D. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal lymphocytes that are
the defining pathological feature of Hodgkin Lymphoma. Their presence in a lymph
node biopsy distinguishes Hodgkin from non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They are often
described as having an ‘owl-eye’ appearance under the microscope.
7. A patient with stable angina experiences chest pain under which of the following
conditions?
A. Resting and sleeping
Version 1 | Questions with Correct Answers and
Expert Explanation for Each Question | Regis
1. Which type of anemia is characterized by the presence of macrocytic-normochromic
erythrocytes?
A. Iron deficiency anemia
B. Sideroblastic anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Thalassemia
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Pernicious anemia is a macrocytic-normochromic anemia
caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, often due to a lack of intrinsic factor. These cells
are larger than normal (macrocytic) but have a normal concentration of hemoglobin
(normochromic). This condition is often associated with neurological symptoms and
requires lifelong B12 supplementation.
2. What is the primary underlying mechanism of Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation (DIC)?
A. Localized clotting in large veins
B. Isolated platelet destruction
,C. Congenital deficiency of Factor VIII
D. Widespread activation of the coagulation cascade
Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: DIC involves the systemic activation of the clotting cascade,
which results in widespread microvascular thrombi. This process consumes clotting
factors and platelets, ultimately leading to severe bleeding. It is usually triggered by
a secondary condition such as sepsis, trauma, or cancer.
3. A patient presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and crackles in the lungs. Which
condition is most likely?
A. Right-sided heart failure
B. Chronic bronchitis
C. Left-sided heart failure
D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion
because the left ventricle cannot effectively pump blood into the systemic
circulation. This increases pressure in the pulmonary veins, causing fluid to leak
,into the alveoli, resulting in crackles and orthopnea. In contrast, right-sided heart
failure primarily results in systemic edema and jugular venous distention.
4. Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of emphysema?
A. Reversible bronchospasm and inflammation
B. Excessive mucus production in the bronchi
C. Infection of the lung parenchyma
D. Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil
Correct Answer: D
Expert Explanation: Emphysema is characterized by the permanent enlargement
of gas-exchange airways and the destruction of alveolar walls. This leads to a loss of
elastic recoil, which causes air trapping and difficulty with expiration. Smoking is
the most common cause of this progressive obstructive lung disease.
5. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary effect of
Angiotensin II?
A. Vasodilation and decreased heart rate
B. Potassium retention and sodium excretion
C. Vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone
D. Inhibition of ADH secretion
, Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases
systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. It also stimulates the adrenal
cortex to release aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water retention. These
mechanisms collectively work to increase blood volume and pressure during states
of hypotension.
6. Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark of Reed-Sternberg cells?
A. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
B. Multiple Myeloma
C. Hodgkin Lymphoma
D. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Correct Answer: C
Expert Explanation: Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal lymphocytes that are
the defining pathological feature of Hodgkin Lymphoma. Their presence in a lymph
node biopsy distinguishes Hodgkin from non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They are often
described as having an ‘owl-eye’ appearance under the microscope.
7. A patient with stable angina experiences chest pain under which of the following
conditions?
A. Resting and sleeping
