GMS 6121 PRACTICE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ how does blood get into and out of kidney. Answer: renal artery into
kidney
renal vein out of kidney
▶ what is the main function of the kidneys. Answer: excrete waste
▶ how much blood is filtered through the kidneys per minute. Answer: 1.2
L/minute
▶ how much blood is filtered through the kidneys per day. Answer: 170
L/day
▶ how much urine is produced per day. Answer: 1.5 L/day
▶ what is the basic structural unit of the kidney. Answer: the nephron
▶ what makes up the urinary space in the kidneys. Answer: bowman's
capsule
proximal tubule
loop of henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
▶ how are fluids carried through the nephron in the kidneys. Answer:
afferent arteriole
capillaries
efferent arteriole
▶ what hormone does the kidney produce. Answer: erythropoietin, which
produces red blood cells
,▶ what happens in renal failure. Answer: erythropoietin not produced, so
lower RBC count
▶ what are the major organs of the endocrine system. Answer: pituitary
gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
gonads
▶ what are the major functions of the endocrine system. Answer: direct
long-term changes in other organ systems
adjust metabolic activities & energy use
control structural/functional changes during development
▶ what hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. Answer: growth
hormone
stimulates growth
affects liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
▶ what hormone is produced in the thyroid gland. Answer: thyroid
hormone
maintains metabolism, regulates BP, promotes normal development
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced by the adrenal gland. Answer: cortisol
resists stress, mobilizes fat for energy, depresses inflammatory response
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced in the pancreas. Answer: insulin
lowers blood sugar levels, absorbs glucose for storage
produced by beta cells
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced in the stomach. Answer: gastrin
secreted in response to food, stimulates production of hydrochloric acid to
break down food
affects stomach
▶ what hormone is produced in the kidney. Answer: erythropoietin
, produces RBCs
affects bone marrow
▶ what hormone is produced in adipose tissue. Answer: leptin
suppresses appetite
affects the brain
▶ what are the major organs of the nervous system. Answer: brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
▶ what are the major functions of the nervous system. Answer: provide
and interpret sensory info about external stimuli (input)
coordinate/moderate activities of organs (Integrate)
direct immediate responses to stimuli (response)
▶ where are neurotransmitters produced. Answer: nissil bodies
▶ what are the major organs in the female reproductive system. Answer:
ovaries
uterus
vagina
mammary glands
▶ what are the major functions of the female reproductive system. Answer:
produce female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
support developing embryo
provide milk to nourish infant
▶ what is the first step of the menstruation cycle. Answer: ovulation
14 days
LH levels rise
single egg released
egg travels to uterine cavity
unfertilized egg discharged
▶ what is the second step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: fertilization
occurs in uterine tube
forms an embryo
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS 2026
▶ how does blood get into and out of kidney. Answer: renal artery into
kidney
renal vein out of kidney
▶ what is the main function of the kidneys. Answer: excrete waste
▶ how much blood is filtered through the kidneys per minute. Answer: 1.2
L/minute
▶ how much blood is filtered through the kidneys per day. Answer: 170
L/day
▶ how much urine is produced per day. Answer: 1.5 L/day
▶ what is the basic structural unit of the kidney. Answer: the nephron
▶ what makes up the urinary space in the kidneys. Answer: bowman's
capsule
proximal tubule
loop of henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
▶ how are fluids carried through the nephron in the kidneys. Answer:
afferent arteriole
capillaries
efferent arteriole
▶ what hormone does the kidney produce. Answer: erythropoietin, which
produces red blood cells
,▶ what happens in renal failure. Answer: erythropoietin not produced, so
lower RBC count
▶ what are the major organs of the endocrine system. Answer: pituitary
gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
gonads
▶ what are the major functions of the endocrine system. Answer: direct
long-term changes in other organ systems
adjust metabolic activities & energy use
control structural/functional changes during development
▶ what hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. Answer: growth
hormone
stimulates growth
affects liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
▶ what hormone is produced in the thyroid gland. Answer: thyroid
hormone
maintains metabolism, regulates BP, promotes normal development
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced by the adrenal gland. Answer: cortisol
resists stress, mobilizes fat for energy, depresses inflammatory response
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced in the pancreas. Answer: insulin
lowers blood sugar levels, absorbs glucose for storage
produced by beta cells
affects body cells
▶ what hormone is produced in the stomach. Answer: gastrin
secreted in response to food, stimulates production of hydrochloric acid to
break down food
affects stomach
▶ what hormone is produced in the kidney. Answer: erythropoietin
, produces RBCs
affects bone marrow
▶ what hormone is produced in adipose tissue. Answer: leptin
suppresses appetite
affects the brain
▶ what are the major organs of the nervous system. Answer: brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
▶ what are the major functions of the nervous system. Answer: provide
and interpret sensory info about external stimuli (input)
coordinate/moderate activities of organs (Integrate)
direct immediate responses to stimuli (response)
▶ where are neurotransmitters produced. Answer: nissil bodies
▶ what are the major organs in the female reproductive system. Answer:
ovaries
uterus
vagina
mammary glands
▶ what are the major functions of the female reproductive system. Answer:
produce female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
support developing embryo
provide milk to nourish infant
▶ what is the first step of the menstruation cycle. Answer: ovulation
14 days
LH levels rise
single egg released
egg travels to uterine cavity
unfertilized egg discharged
▶ what is the second step of the menstrual cycle. Answer: fertilization
occurs in uterine tube
forms an embryo
