K409 -EXAM 3 Final Test Questions
and All Accurate Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
What is the Overload Principle? - Answer Physiological systems exist primarily in a state of
equilibrium. For adaptation to occur, the system must be overloaded. Adaptations allow the
body to best be able to handle the specific stimuli (i.e. exercise)
Overload can be controlled by manipulating combinations of training like: - Answer -
frequency
- intensity
- mode
- duration
- density
- recovery
What is the Specificity Principle? - Answer the adaptation of the body or change in physical
fitness is specific to the type of training undertaken
the Specificity Principle applies to: - Answer Applies to:
- Energy system being utilized
- Muscle groups being used
- Mode of exercise
What is the Individual Differences Principle? - Answer A wide individual variation in the
training response exists. The training response to exercise can be influenced by a variety of
factors
(Individual Differences Principle) The training response to exercise can be influenced by a variety
of factors including (but not limited to): - Answer - "State" of training
- "Quality" of training
- "Quality" of recovery
- Genetics
What is Reversibility Principle? - Answer The beneficial effects of exercise training are
transient and reversible.
,After an extended time of absence from training (~ 7 days), for every additional day off, it is
generally accepted that it take two days to recapture the same fitness (i.e. after ~ 7 days off, an
additional 3 days off from training requires 6 days of training to get back to the same fitness
level).
What are some vascular (and muscle metabolic) adaptations with training? - Answer 1.
Mitochondria have a greatly increased capacity to generate ATP oxidatively
2. Increase in size and number of mitochondria
3. Increase in myoglobin content
4. Increase in muscles' ability to oxidize fat as a fuel
5. Increased glycogen storage within muscle and liver
6. Increased capillarization of muscle
(1, 4, and 5 affects bioenergetics)
(2, 3, and 6 affect O2 extraction; ease of O2 extraction from the muscle)
T/F?
Weight of the heart increases with training (left ventricular wall thickens/hypertrophies) -
Answer True
T/F?
Volume of the heart increases with training (left ventricular EDV increases) - Answer True
Does ventricular weight or volume have a greater influence on cardiac function/performance? -
Answer Volume: greater influence because we can pump more blood out after stretching
and creating a larger chamber
Effect of training on stroke volume? - Answer increases significantly during rest and exercise
with training
Changes in heart rate with training? - Answer - Heart rate at rest is reduced
- Heart rate at any submaximal workload is reduced
- Heart rate during recovery is reduced
- Maximal heart rate may be reduced slightly
, At maximal exercise, there is an ____ in cardiac output with training (due to ___ in SV) - Answer
Increase
Increase
Cardiac output at any submaximal workload will usually _____ after training (May ___ slightly
due to a combination of the following: improved economy, increased a-vO2 difference,
redirection of blood flow to muscle) - Answer - remain the same (b/c workload is the same,
VO2 is the same, and Q follows VO2)
- decrease
Resting BP ____ (about 6-7 mmHg) in hypertensive and borderline hypertensive individuals
after chronic training. - Answer - decreases
At VO2max, SBP usually slightly ___ and DBP usually slightly ___ .
**With chronic training, you can run at a faster workload before. reaching VO2max. - Answer
- increases
- decreases
What happens to a-VO2 difference after chronic training? - Answer It'll typically expand
because more O2 is being extracted by the muscles
(mixed venous content line is lower on graph)
Total blood volume ___ with training. - Answer Increases
An increase in total blood volume is primarily from: - Answer - an increase in plasma volume
- (increase in ADH), increase in plasma proteins
Increases in red blood cell volume with chronic exercise are ___. - Answer small
What happens to Hemoglobin and Hematocrit measures with chronic exercise? - Answer
They both go down
**watered down my increase in plasma volume
In some endurance trained individuals, Hb and Hct levels will become low enough that they
appear anemic (sometimes called "runners anemia" or pseudoanemia). However, these athletes
are not truly anemic, since they have more than adequate total numbers of red blood cells.
They appear anemic because an increased ____ makes the concentration of RBC's look small. -
Answer plasma volume
and All Accurate Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
What is the Overload Principle? - Answer Physiological systems exist primarily in a state of
equilibrium. For adaptation to occur, the system must be overloaded. Adaptations allow the
body to best be able to handle the specific stimuli (i.e. exercise)
Overload can be controlled by manipulating combinations of training like: - Answer -
frequency
- intensity
- mode
- duration
- density
- recovery
What is the Specificity Principle? - Answer the adaptation of the body or change in physical
fitness is specific to the type of training undertaken
the Specificity Principle applies to: - Answer Applies to:
- Energy system being utilized
- Muscle groups being used
- Mode of exercise
What is the Individual Differences Principle? - Answer A wide individual variation in the
training response exists. The training response to exercise can be influenced by a variety of
factors
(Individual Differences Principle) The training response to exercise can be influenced by a variety
of factors including (but not limited to): - Answer - "State" of training
- "Quality" of training
- "Quality" of recovery
- Genetics
What is Reversibility Principle? - Answer The beneficial effects of exercise training are
transient and reversible.
,After an extended time of absence from training (~ 7 days), for every additional day off, it is
generally accepted that it take two days to recapture the same fitness (i.e. after ~ 7 days off, an
additional 3 days off from training requires 6 days of training to get back to the same fitness
level).
What are some vascular (and muscle metabolic) adaptations with training? - Answer 1.
Mitochondria have a greatly increased capacity to generate ATP oxidatively
2. Increase in size and number of mitochondria
3. Increase in myoglobin content
4. Increase in muscles' ability to oxidize fat as a fuel
5. Increased glycogen storage within muscle and liver
6. Increased capillarization of muscle
(1, 4, and 5 affects bioenergetics)
(2, 3, and 6 affect O2 extraction; ease of O2 extraction from the muscle)
T/F?
Weight of the heart increases with training (left ventricular wall thickens/hypertrophies) -
Answer True
T/F?
Volume of the heart increases with training (left ventricular EDV increases) - Answer True
Does ventricular weight or volume have a greater influence on cardiac function/performance? -
Answer Volume: greater influence because we can pump more blood out after stretching
and creating a larger chamber
Effect of training on stroke volume? - Answer increases significantly during rest and exercise
with training
Changes in heart rate with training? - Answer - Heart rate at rest is reduced
- Heart rate at any submaximal workload is reduced
- Heart rate during recovery is reduced
- Maximal heart rate may be reduced slightly
, At maximal exercise, there is an ____ in cardiac output with training (due to ___ in SV) - Answer
Increase
Increase
Cardiac output at any submaximal workload will usually _____ after training (May ___ slightly
due to a combination of the following: improved economy, increased a-vO2 difference,
redirection of blood flow to muscle) - Answer - remain the same (b/c workload is the same,
VO2 is the same, and Q follows VO2)
- decrease
Resting BP ____ (about 6-7 mmHg) in hypertensive and borderline hypertensive individuals
after chronic training. - Answer - decreases
At VO2max, SBP usually slightly ___ and DBP usually slightly ___ .
**With chronic training, you can run at a faster workload before. reaching VO2max. - Answer
- increases
- decreases
What happens to a-VO2 difference after chronic training? - Answer It'll typically expand
because more O2 is being extracted by the muscles
(mixed venous content line is lower on graph)
Total blood volume ___ with training. - Answer Increases
An increase in total blood volume is primarily from: - Answer - an increase in plasma volume
- (increase in ADH), increase in plasma proteins
Increases in red blood cell volume with chronic exercise are ___. - Answer small
What happens to Hemoglobin and Hematocrit measures with chronic exercise? - Answer
They both go down
**watered down my increase in plasma volume
In some endurance trained individuals, Hb and Hct levels will become low enough that they
appear anemic (sometimes called "runners anemia" or pseudoanemia). However, these athletes
are not truly anemic, since they have more than adequate total numbers of red blood cells.
They appear anemic because an increased ____ makes the concentration of RBC's look small. -
Answer plasma volume
