Care and Management of Diabetes in
Nursing Practice
Diabetes Mellitus
Metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.
Type 1 Diabetes
5%-10% of diabetes cases; absolute insulin lack.
Ketoacidosis
Acute complication due to lack of insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes
90%-95% of diabetes; involves insulin resistance.
Insulin Resistance
Cells fail to respond effectively to insulin.
Gestational Diabetes
Diabetes occurring during pregnancy.
Prediabetes
Blood glucose levels higher than normal, not diabetes.
Pancreatic Beta Cells
Cells that produce insulin in the pancreas.
Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood glucose levels.
Polyuria
Excessive urination due to high glucose.
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst caused by dehydration.
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger despite eating.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Severe complication from insulin deficiency.
Autoantibodies
Immune markers indicating Type 1 diabetes.
Obesity
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²; major risk for Type 2.
Risk Factors for Type 1
Thin at diagnosis, little endogenous insulin.
Risk Factors for Type 2
Age > 30, obesity, hypertension, race.
Insulin Secretion
Pancreas's response to blood glucose levels.
Dietary Modifications
Adjustments in diet to manage diabetes.
Exercise
, Physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity.
Sick Days Management
Strategies for diabetes care during illness.
Clinical Manifestations
Symptoms vary with hyperglycemia levels.
Type I Diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes with sudden onset symptoms.
Type II Diabetes
Insulin-resistant diabetes with gradual onset symptoms.
Three Ps
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia symptoms of diabetes.
Ketoacidosis
Acute complication from insulin deficiency, leads to acidosis.
Glycosuria
Presence of glucose in urine, indicates high blood sugar.
DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, severe complication of Type I.
Fasting Plasma Glucose
≥ 126 mg/dL after no caloric intake for 8 hours.
Random Blood Glucose Test
≥ 200 mg/dL with classic diabetes symptoms.
OGTT
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, measures glucose tolerance.
HbA1C
≥ 6.5% indicates average blood glucose over 120 days.
Capillary Blood Glucose Monitoring
Continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels.
Nutritional Therapy
Meal planning to manage blood glucose levels.
Exercise Management
Regular physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity.
Glucose Monitoring Frequency
2-4 times daily on insulin, 3 times weekly otherwise.
Ketone Testing
Checks for ketones in urine, indicates fat breakdown.
Urine Dipstick for Ketones
Turns purple in presence of ketones.
Insulin Therapy
Required for Type I diabetes management.
Sliding Scale Insulin
Dosing insulin based on blood glucose levels.
Recurrent Infections
Common in diabetes due to immune dysfunction.
Weight Management
Important for Type II diabetes control.
Blood Pressure in Diabetes
Nursing Practice
Diabetes Mellitus
Metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.
Type 1 Diabetes
5%-10% of diabetes cases; absolute insulin lack.
Ketoacidosis
Acute complication due to lack of insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes
90%-95% of diabetes; involves insulin resistance.
Insulin Resistance
Cells fail to respond effectively to insulin.
Gestational Diabetes
Diabetes occurring during pregnancy.
Prediabetes
Blood glucose levels higher than normal, not diabetes.
Pancreatic Beta Cells
Cells that produce insulin in the pancreas.
Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood glucose levels.
Polyuria
Excessive urination due to high glucose.
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst caused by dehydration.
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger despite eating.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Severe complication from insulin deficiency.
Autoantibodies
Immune markers indicating Type 1 diabetes.
Obesity
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²; major risk for Type 2.
Risk Factors for Type 1
Thin at diagnosis, little endogenous insulin.
Risk Factors for Type 2
Age > 30, obesity, hypertension, race.
Insulin Secretion
Pancreas's response to blood glucose levels.
Dietary Modifications
Adjustments in diet to manage diabetes.
Exercise
, Physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity.
Sick Days Management
Strategies for diabetes care during illness.
Clinical Manifestations
Symptoms vary with hyperglycemia levels.
Type I Diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes with sudden onset symptoms.
Type II Diabetes
Insulin-resistant diabetes with gradual onset symptoms.
Three Ps
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia symptoms of diabetes.
Ketoacidosis
Acute complication from insulin deficiency, leads to acidosis.
Glycosuria
Presence of glucose in urine, indicates high blood sugar.
DKA
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, severe complication of Type I.
Fasting Plasma Glucose
≥ 126 mg/dL after no caloric intake for 8 hours.
Random Blood Glucose Test
≥ 200 mg/dL with classic diabetes symptoms.
OGTT
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, measures glucose tolerance.
HbA1C
≥ 6.5% indicates average blood glucose over 120 days.
Capillary Blood Glucose Monitoring
Continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels.
Nutritional Therapy
Meal planning to manage blood glucose levels.
Exercise Management
Regular physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity.
Glucose Monitoring Frequency
2-4 times daily on insulin, 3 times weekly otherwise.
Ketone Testing
Checks for ketones in urine, indicates fat breakdown.
Urine Dipstick for Ketones
Turns purple in presence of ketones.
Insulin Therapy
Required for Type I diabetes management.
Sliding Scale Insulin
Dosing insulin based on blood glucose levels.
Recurrent Infections
Common in diabetes due to immune dysfunction.
Weight Management
Important for Type II diabetes control.
Blood Pressure in Diabetes
