Anatomy & Physiology Bio 109 exam 1 with correct answers 100% 2026

Anatomy & Physiology Bio 109 exam 1 with correct answers 100% 2026 ribosomes - Correct Answer Structure: Tiny spheres made of RNA and protein. 2 types: (1) Free - floating freely in cytoplasm. (2) Bound - attached to RER Function: make proteins; free ones make proteins that will remain in the cell; bound ones make proteins that will leave the cell. Golgi Apparatus - Correct Answer Membranous organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and send proteins to their final destination rough endoplasmic reticulum - Correct Answer Chemically modifies proteins made by the ribosomes attached to its surface, which are then use in the cell membrane or for transport outside the cell (protein modification & transport) mitochondria - Correct Answer large structures surrounded by a double membrane; contains folded membrane inside called cristae; contains DNA and ribosomes. Function: Site of cellular respiration (energy production); Energy in food is converted into energy for use by the cell (ATP). lysosomes - Correct Answer Small organelles filled with enzymes; one function is to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food particles; may also break down old cell parts ~intracellular digestion~ microfilament - Correct Answer A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament; assists in cleavage during mitosis nucleolus - Correct Answer structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made peroxisomes - Correct Answer neutralize free radicals and detoxify alcohol and other drugs; break down long fatty acids centrioles - Correct Answer composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets; support structure for cell; vital to separation of chromatids during mitosis cytosol - Correct Answer part of the cytoplasm; gel-like translucent fluid typically not enclosed within the organelles found within the cell; responsible for suspending the other elements contained within the cytoplasm, like the cytoplasmic inclusions and the cell organelles. cytoplasm - Correct Answer the fluid contained within the cell that holds and surround the cell's organelles in a liquid environment which is necessary for many of the cell's vital functions to occur. vesicle - Correct Answer organelle involved in metabolism, transport, and enzyme storage protein synthesis - Correct Answer the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA. homeostasis - Correct Answer process of maintaining dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment; WNL (within normal limits); requires a minimum of 3 elements: receptors, control center, and effectors. All systems contribute but endocrine (long term) & nervous (immediate reactions) specialize in it. Many disease states are rooted in Homeostatic Imbalance, anything outside of homeostasis will denature proteins negative feedback - Correct Answer most common mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis; any variation outside of normal limits triggers automatic response to reduce the output or activity of any organ or system back to its normal range of functioning. Ex: heart rate, body temp, blood concentration of K, Na, and glucose. positive feedback - Correct Answer mechanisms designed to accelerate or enhance the output created by a stimulus that has already been activated Ex: labor, clotting, ovulation, lactation water - Correct Answer most abundant compound, accounting for 60-80% of body; high heat capacity; high heat to vaporize; universal solvent; participates in hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis; has cushioning capabilities; lubrication qualities allow internal parts to move without friction acid - Correct Answer ionic compound that dissociates in water and releases H+ ions; strong ones dissociate completely; counter-acts bases. pH of 0-6.6ish, ex: vinegar base - Correct Answer ionic compound that dissociates in water and removes H+ ions, many liberate hydroxide ( OH- ) which bind to the H+. pH of 7.6ish-14, ex: baking soda neutral (pH) - Correct Answer values close to 7 on pH scale; vital for life