Biology 116 - Final Exam - Full Review with correct answers 100% 2026

Biology 116 - Final Exam - Full Review with correct answers 100% 2026 Electron transfer - Correct Answer From electron donor to electron acceptor (usually accompanied by protons H+) NAD+ - Correct Answer Electron carrier: Accepts two electrons plus one proton to form NADH Shuttles - Correct Answer Electron carriers that readily accept or donate electrons Electronegativity - Correct Answer C and H have similar and form nonpolar bonds O and N have higher and tend to hog electrons Electrons - Correct Answer Source of chemical energy FAD - Correct Answer Electron carrier: Access two electrons plus two Proteins to form FADH2 energy in covalent bonds - Correct Answer Depends on Position of shared electrons and Distance from pos charges in nuclei. Equally shared electrons have Higher potential energy than unequally shared electrons Entropy - Correct Answer the amount of disorder in a system. Entropy increases when organisedness decreases, energy released Entropy decreases when organisedness increases and energy just be spent to do that second law or thermodynamics - Correct Answer Total entropy always increases in a closed system. We are not a closed system due to sun. Active site - Correct Answer where the substrate binds to the enzyme (usually via H-bonding) induced fit - Correct Answer Changes the conformation (shape) of the enzyme. Makes reaction more energetically favourable. Transition state - Correct Answer Interactions between substrates and enzyme Activation energy - Correct Answer The energy input required for the reaction to proceed Reaction rate increases - Correct Answer when temperature increases, concentration of substrate increases, enzymes have optimal temp and pH Cofactors - Correct Answer inorganic ions such as Zn 2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ that reversible interact with enzymes (organisms require these minerals in diet) Coenzymes - Correct Answer Organic molecules like NADH or FADH2 that interact with enzymes (some are required in diet and called vitamins) prosthetic groups - Correct Answer Coenzymes permanently, covalently bound to enzymes ATP - Correct Answer Form of energy used most often inside cells Unstable, most cells make it all the time by obtaining glucose through photosynthesis (plants) or from food Glycogen - Correct Answer Animals store glucose as Starch - Correct Answer Plants store glucose as 4 steps of cellular respiration - Correct Answer 1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate processing 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis Pyruvate processing - Correct Answer Pyruvate is oxidised to form Acetyl CoA Citrix acid cycle - Correct Answer Acetyl CoA is oxidised to CO2. Electron transport and chemiosmosis - Correct Answer compounds that were reduced in steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production Glycolysis - Correct Answer Glucose (6) is broken down to pyrovate (2x3) occurs in cytoplasm . Glucose split in half, each half is phosphorylated, 2 ATP spe