ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 150
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
2026/2027
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes - ANSWER-Ans: B- peroxisomes
The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes: -
ANSWER- Contain organelles and complex internal membranes
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
,C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure -
ANSWER-Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
production
Which of the following is function of Golgi? - ANSWER-
Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies - ANSWER-Ans: A- apoptosis
involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
,C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell -
ANSWER-Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional
sodium across the cell membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell - ANSWER-Which of the following is
function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively -
ANSWER-Ans: A- adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
Epigenetic modifications - ANSWER-What genetic process is likely responsible
for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
, RNA is synthesized from a DNA template - ANSWER-Transcription is best
defined as a process by which
a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome? ANSWER-
nondisjunction error -
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome. -
ANSWER-Klinefelter
a. down
b. fragile x
c. Klinefelter
d. turner
Cystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene. ANSWER-autosomal
recessive -
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
2026/2027
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes - ANSWER-Ans: B- peroxisomes
The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes: -
ANSWER- Contain organelles and complex internal membranes
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
,C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure -
ANSWER-Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
production
Which of the following is function of Golgi? - ANSWER-
Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies - ANSWER-Ans: A- apoptosis
involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
,C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell -
ANSWER-Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional
sodium across the cell membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell - ANSWER-Which of the following is
function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively -
ANSWER-Ans: A- adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
Epigenetic modifications - ANSWER-What genetic process is likely responsible
for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
, RNA is synthesized from a DNA template - ANSWER-Transcription is best
defined as a process by which
a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome? ANSWER-
nondisjunction error -
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome. -
ANSWER-Klinefelter
a. down
b. fragile x
c. Klinefelter
d. turner
Cystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene. ANSWER-autosomal
recessive -
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
