lOMoARcPSD|62239921
NR 322-Exam 1: Review of Knowledge
Principles of Growth & Development
Growth and development follow a specific pattern:
1. Cephalocaudal: (head to tail) the process by which development proceeds from head
downward through the body towards the feet
2. Proximodistal: (near to far) the process by which development proceeds from the center
of the body outward to the extremities.
3. *Know your milestones
4. Stages & age ranges
A. Newborn---------first 28 days of life
B. Infant--------------birth-1year
C. Toddler ----------1-3 years
D. Preschool-------3-6 years
E. School-age-----6-12 years
F. Adolescent----12-19 years
Newborn (First 28 days of life)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Oral Stage
Growth and Development
1. General appearance: newborn’s head is one-quarter of the body length; the
child is top heavy with short lower extremities.
2. Weight: 6 to 8 lbs. gains to 7 oz. weekly for the first 6 months
3. Height: 20 in.; grows 1 in. monthly for the first 6 months
4. Head circumference: 33 to 35 cm; head circumference is greater than chest
circumference; posterior fontanel closes in 2 to 3 months and anterior
fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months
Reflexes (present at birth)
1. Moro: startle reflex elicited by loud noise or sudden change in position
(strongest during first 2 mos. but disappears after 3-4 mos.)
, lOMoARcPSD|62239921
2. Tonic Neck: elicited when side infant lies supine and head is turned to one side
the infant will assume a “fencing position” and legs are opposite direction
(disappears by age 3-4 mos.)
3. Gag, cough, blink, pupillary: protective reflexes (persist throughout life)
4. Grasp: the infant’s hands and feet will grasp when the hand or foot is stimulated.
(Palmar grasp lessens after age 3 mos. And plantar grasp lessens by 8 mos. of
age)
5. Rooting: elicited when side of mouth is touched, causing the child to turn to that
side (disappear at about 3-4 mos. but may persist for up to 12 mos.)
6. Babinski: fanning of the toes when sole of foot is stroked upward (disappears
after age 1 yr.)
Gross Motor:
1. Head Lag if prone on pillow, but able to move mon
Fine Motor:
1. Hand predominantly closed at 1 month
Sensory Development:
1. Hearing and touch well developed at birth
Nutrition:
1. Breast Milk- best option for infant nutrition up to 1 year of age, micronutrients
that are bioavailable (nutrients are available in quantities and qualities which
makes it easy to digest as a newborn. Breast milk has a variety of immunologic
properties that is found exclusively in human milk. Human milk has been shown
to be affect to protect the newborn against respiratory tract infections and
decreasing the incidence of hospital admission for respiratory tract illness, GI
infections caused by enterococci, Otis media, allergies, atopy and type 2 diabetes
2. Formula (iron-fortified) closely resembles the nutritional content of human milk,
recommended for the first 1st 6 months.
No additional fluid required for the 1st 4 months of life after 6 month
fluoridated water can be given especially of breast feeding ends.
Honey should be avoided in the first 6 months because of risk of botulism
Safety:
1. Infants up to 20 lbs. should be restrained in rear-facing car seat in the middle of
the back seat of the car.
2. Keep side rails of crib
3. Never leave infant unattended on table, bed, bathtubs
4. Check temperature of bath water, formula, foods
5. Avoids giving bottles at naps or bedtime (may cause dental caries)
NR 322-Exam 1: Review of Knowledge
Principles of Growth & Development
Growth and development follow a specific pattern:
1. Cephalocaudal: (head to tail) the process by which development proceeds from head
downward through the body towards the feet
2. Proximodistal: (near to far) the process by which development proceeds from the center
of the body outward to the extremities.
3. *Know your milestones
4. Stages & age ranges
A. Newborn---------first 28 days of life
B. Infant--------------birth-1year
C. Toddler ----------1-3 years
D. Preschool-------3-6 years
E. School-age-----6-12 years
F. Adolescent----12-19 years
Newborn (First 28 days of life)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Oral Stage
Growth and Development
1. General appearance: newborn’s head is one-quarter of the body length; the
child is top heavy with short lower extremities.
2. Weight: 6 to 8 lbs. gains to 7 oz. weekly for the first 6 months
3. Height: 20 in.; grows 1 in. monthly for the first 6 months
4. Head circumference: 33 to 35 cm; head circumference is greater than chest
circumference; posterior fontanel closes in 2 to 3 months and anterior
fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months
Reflexes (present at birth)
1. Moro: startle reflex elicited by loud noise or sudden change in position
(strongest during first 2 mos. but disappears after 3-4 mos.)
, lOMoARcPSD|62239921
2. Tonic Neck: elicited when side infant lies supine and head is turned to one side
the infant will assume a “fencing position” and legs are opposite direction
(disappears by age 3-4 mos.)
3. Gag, cough, blink, pupillary: protective reflexes (persist throughout life)
4. Grasp: the infant’s hands and feet will grasp when the hand or foot is stimulated.
(Palmar grasp lessens after age 3 mos. And plantar grasp lessens by 8 mos. of
age)
5. Rooting: elicited when side of mouth is touched, causing the child to turn to that
side (disappear at about 3-4 mos. but may persist for up to 12 mos.)
6. Babinski: fanning of the toes when sole of foot is stroked upward (disappears
after age 1 yr.)
Gross Motor:
1. Head Lag if prone on pillow, but able to move mon
Fine Motor:
1. Hand predominantly closed at 1 month
Sensory Development:
1. Hearing and touch well developed at birth
Nutrition:
1. Breast Milk- best option for infant nutrition up to 1 year of age, micronutrients
that are bioavailable (nutrients are available in quantities and qualities which
makes it easy to digest as a newborn. Breast milk has a variety of immunologic
properties that is found exclusively in human milk. Human milk has been shown
to be affect to protect the newborn against respiratory tract infections and
decreasing the incidence of hospital admission for respiratory tract illness, GI
infections caused by enterococci, Otis media, allergies, atopy and type 2 diabetes
2. Formula (iron-fortified) closely resembles the nutritional content of human milk,
recommended for the first 1st 6 months.
No additional fluid required for the 1st 4 months of life after 6 month
fluoridated water can be given especially of breast feeding ends.
Honey should be avoided in the first 6 months because of risk of botulism
Safety:
1. Infants up to 20 lbs. should be restrained in rear-facing car seat in the middle of
the back seat of the car.
2. Keep side rails of crib
3. Never leave infant unattended on table, bed, bathtubs
4. Check temperature of bath water, formula, foods
5. Avoids giving bottles at naps or bedtime (may cause dental caries)
