NURS 611 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 3 2026
|Maryville
1. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the autoregulation of the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
B. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide
C. Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
D. Systemic blood pressure fluctuations
Answer: C
Rationale: Autoregulation of GFR is mainly achieved through the tubuloglomerular
feedback mechanism, where the macula densa senses sodium chloride concentration and
adjusts afferent arteriole resistance.
2. In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which enzyme is
responsible for converting Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone synthase
C. Aminopeptidase
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Answer: D
Rationale: ACE, primarily found in the pulmonary capillaries, converts Angiotensin I into
the potent vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II.
,3. Which immunoglobulin is most closely associated with Type I Hypersensitivity
reactions?
A. IgE
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgG
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated, involving the binding of allergens to
IgE on mast cells and subsequent degranulation.
4. What is the hallmark physiological finding in Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria
B. Acute hypertension
C. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5g per day
D. Erythrocyte casts in urine
Answer: C
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria (typically
>3.5g/24h), hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema due to glomerular basement
membrane damage.
5. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by emphysema
leads to air trapping primarily due to:
A. Excessive mucus production
B. Loss of alveolar elastic recoil
C. Bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy
D. Increased inspiratory drive
Answer: B
Rationale: In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar walls leads to a loss of elastic recoil,
causing the airways to collapse during expiration and resulting in air trapping.
, 6. Left-sided heart failure typically manifests with which of the following
symptoms due to backward effects?
A. Jugular venous distention
B. Peripheral edema
C. Pulmonary edema and crackles
D. Hepatomegaly
Answer: C
Rationale: Left heart failure results in blood backing up into the pulmonary circulation,
increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing pulmonary edema.
7. Which acid-base imbalance is characterized by a low pH and a high PaCO2?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis occurs when hypoventilation leads to CO2 retention,
lowering the pH.
8. The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) results in
which electrolyte abnormality?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: C
Rationale: SIADH causes excessive water reabsorption in the kidneys, which dilutes the
serum sodium, leading to dilutional hyponatremia.
|Maryville
1. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the autoregulation of the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
B. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide
C. Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
D. Systemic blood pressure fluctuations
Answer: C
Rationale: Autoregulation of GFR is mainly achieved through the tubuloglomerular
feedback mechanism, where the macula densa senses sodium chloride concentration and
adjusts afferent arteriole resistance.
2. In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which enzyme is
responsible for converting Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone synthase
C. Aminopeptidase
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Answer: D
Rationale: ACE, primarily found in the pulmonary capillaries, converts Angiotensin I into
the potent vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II.
,3. Which immunoglobulin is most closely associated with Type I Hypersensitivity
reactions?
A. IgE
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgG
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated, involving the binding of allergens to
IgE on mast cells and subsequent degranulation.
4. What is the hallmark physiological finding in Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria
B. Acute hypertension
C. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5g per day
D. Erythrocyte casts in urine
Answer: C
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria (typically
>3.5g/24h), hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema due to glomerular basement
membrane damage.
5. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by emphysema
leads to air trapping primarily due to:
A. Excessive mucus production
B. Loss of alveolar elastic recoil
C. Bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy
D. Increased inspiratory drive
Answer: B
Rationale: In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar walls leads to a loss of elastic recoil,
causing the airways to collapse during expiration and resulting in air trapping.
, 6. Left-sided heart failure typically manifests with which of the following
symptoms due to backward effects?
A. Jugular venous distention
B. Peripheral edema
C. Pulmonary edema and crackles
D. Hepatomegaly
Answer: C
Rationale: Left heart failure results in blood backing up into the pulmonary circulation,
increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing pulmonary edema.
7. Which acid-base imbalance is characterized by a low pH and a high PaCO2?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis occurs when hypoventilation leads to CO2 retention,
lowering the pH.
8. The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) results in
which electrolyte abnormality?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: C
Rationale: SIADH causes excessive water reabsorption in the kidneys, which dilutes the
serum sodium, leading to dilutional hyponatremia.
