Define eukaryotic cell.
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Larger cells with a true nucleus bounded by nuclear membrane/nuclear
envelope.
Need to appreciate that...
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...there was a considerable period of time during which the scientific
community distinguished between organelles and artefacts.
, artefacts = (something in a scientific experiment present due to how expt. was
prepared or investigated).
List stages of mitosis.
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Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Outline how HIV replicates.
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1. Enters bloodstream and circulates around the body.
2. HIV attachment proteins readily bind to CD4 receptor proteins, occurring
most frequently on Th-cells.
3. Protein capsid fuses with cell-surface membrane ---> HIV's RNA and
enzymes injected into the Th-cells.
4. HIV's reverse transcriptase enzymes convert viral RNA to DNA, which
moves to Th-cell nucleus where inserted into cell's DNA.
5. Cell's enzyme used to make mRNA, from viral DNA, passing out through
nuclear pores to ribosomes for translation, producing viral RNA and proteins -
--> new HIV particles.
, 6. New HIV particles break away from Th-cell, using a part of the Th-cell-
surface membrane to form their lipid envelopes.
Outline the ethical issues of monoclonal antibody use.
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1. Involves inducing cancer in mice to produce antibodies ---> some have
reservations, despite guidelines to minimise suffering.
2. Successfully used to treat many diseases such as cancer and diabetes, BUT
some deaths have been associated with their use in MS treatments.
3. Testing for the safety of new drugs presents new dangers ---> 2006 trial,
London.
=> Society must weigh up advantages and disadvantages of their use,
combined with current scientific knowledge about them to make informed
decisions at individual to global levels about the use of drugs such as MAs.
What is the secondary immune response?
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, = Quicker, stronger immune response due to memory cells -> clonal selection
happens faster, B-memory cells activated and divide into plasma cells,
producing necessary antibody.
Memory T-cells activated and divide into correct T-cells to kill cells presenting
the antigen.
Much quicker, so symptoms not usually shown.
Define diffusion.
Give the equation for Fick's Law.
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= The net movement of molecules/ions/particles from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Fick's Law:
diffusion rate = (SA x gradient x permeability) / (membrane thickness).
How do vaccines work?
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Give this one a try later!
Larger cells with a true nucleus bounded by nuclear membrane/nuclear
envelope.
Need to appreciate that...
Give this one a try later!
...there was a considerable period of time during which the scientific
community distinguished between organelles and artefacts.
, artefacts = (something in a scientific experiment present due to how expt. was
prepared or investigated).
List stages of mitosis.
Give this one a try later!
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Outline how HIV replicates.
Give this one a try later!
1. Enters bloodstream and circulates around the body.
2. HIV attachment proteins readily bind to CD4 receptor proteins, occurring
most frequently on Th-cells.
3. Protein capsid fuses with cell-surface membrane ---> HIV's RNA and
enzymes injected into the Th-cells.
4. HIV's reverse transcriptase enzymes convert viral RNA to DNA, which
moves to Th-cell nucleus where inserted into cell's DNA.
5. Cell's enzyme used to make mRNA, from viral DNA, passing out through
nuclear pores to ribosomes for translation, producing viral RNA and proteins -
--> new HIV particles.
, 6. New HIV particles break away from Th-cell, using a part of the Th-cell-
surface membrane to form their lipid envelopes.
Outline the ethical issues of monoclonal antibody use.
Give this one a try later!
1. Involves inducing cancer in mice to produce antibodies ---> some have
reservations, despite guidelines to minimise suffering.
2. Successfully used to treat many diseases such as cancer and diabetes, BUT
some deaths have been associated with their use in MS treatments.
3. Testing for the safety of new drugs presents new dangers ---> 2006 trial,
London.
=> Society must weigh up advantages and disadvantages of their use,
combined with current scientific knowledge about them to make informed
decisions at individual to global levels about the use of drugs such as MAs.
What is the secondary immune response?
Give this one a try later!
, = Quicker, stronger immune response due to memory cells -> clonal selection
happens faster, B-memory cells activated and divide into plasma cells,
producing necessary antibody.
Memory T-cells activated and divide into correct T-cells to kill cells presenting
the antigen.
Much quicker, so symptoms not usually shown.
Define diffusion.
Give the equation for Fick's Law.
Give this one a try later!
= The net movement of molecules/ions/particles from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Fick's Law:
diffusion rate = (SA x gradient x permeability) / (membrane thickness).
How do vaccines work?
Give this one a try later!
