What is a DNA ladder?
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Dna sample with recognition A mixture of dna fragments of
sequences that you want is known lengths that allows you
incubated with specific to work out the length of the
restriction endonuclease which bands in genetic fingerprints
cuts the dna fragment out with
hydrolysis reaction and
sometimes leave sticky ends
which can then be used to bind
the fragment to another piece
of dna that has complementary
sticky ends
,What are the two types of gene therapy?
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Somatic therapy
Germ line therapy
How can gene therapy be used to treat a disorder caused by 2 mutated recessive
alleles?
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You can add a working dominant allele to make up for them
What are 3 uses of screening with dna probes?
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- to help identify inherited conditions
- to help determine how a patient will respond to specific drugs
- to help identify health risks
What are acquired mutations ?
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, Mutations that occur in individual cells after fertilisation
What are restriction endonucleases?
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Enzymes that recognise specific palindromic sequences and cut the dna at
these places
How could you use genetic engineering to determine genetic relationships? (3)
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- we inherit VNTRs from parents so more bands that match the more closely
related
- look at much wider relationships to see what descended from where
- look at all female side - using dna from mitochondrial only . Male side- look
at Y chromosome dna only
When histones are acetylated, the chromatin is ............... condensed
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Less
, Explain the process of separating dna fragments by gel electrophoresis (3 steps)
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1. Dna mixture is placed into a well in a slab of gel and covered with a buffer
solution that conducts electricity
2. An electrical current is passed through the gel - dna fragments are
negatively charged so they move towards the positive electrode at the far end
3. Shorter dna fragments move faster and travel further through the gel so the
fragments separate according to length producing a pattern of bands
Explain the 4 steps in the polymerase chain reaction
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1. Reaction mixture is set up that contains the dna sample, free nucleotides,
primers and DNA polymerase
2. Dna mixture is heated to 95degrees to break hydrogen bonds and then
cooled to between 50-65 so primers can bind to strands
3. Reaction mixture is heated to 72 so DNA polymerase can work which lines
up free nucleotides along template and specific base pairing allows
compememnty new strands to form
4. Two new copies of fragment of dna are formed and one cycle complete-
cycle starts again this time all 4strands are used (each cycle doubles dna)
Which two methods are used to amplify dna fragments
Give this one a try later!
No worries, learning is a process!
Dna sample with recognition A mixture of dna fragments of
sequences that you want is known lengths that allows you
incubated with specific to work out the length of the
restriction endonuclease which bands in genetic fingerprints
cuts the dna fragment out with
hydrolysis reaction and
sometimes leave sticky ends
which can then be used to bind
the fragment to another piece
of dna that has complementary
sticky ends
,What are the two types of gene therapy?
Give this one a try later!
Somatic therapy
Germ line therapy
How can gene therapy be used to treat a disorder caused by 2 mutated recessive
alleles?
Give this one a try later!
You can add a working dominant allele to make up for them
What are 3 uses of screening with dna probes?
Give this one a try later!
- to help identify inherited conditions
- to help determine how a patient will respond to specific drugs
- to help identify health risks
What are acquired mutations ?
Give this one a try later!
, Mutations that occur in individual cells after fertilisation
What are restriction endonucleases?
Give this one a try later!
Enzymes that recognise specific palindromic sequences and cut the dna at
these places
How could you use genetic engineering to determine genetic relationships? (3)
Give this one a try later!
- we inherit VNTRs from parents so more bands that match the more closely
related
- look at much wider relationships to see what descended from where
- look at all female side - using dna from mitochondrial only . Male side- look
at Y chromosome dna only
When histones are acetylated, the chromatin is ............... condensed
Give this one a try later!
Less
, Explain the process of separating dna fragments by gel electrophoresis (3 steps)
Give this one a try later!
1. Dna mixture is placed into a well in a slab of gel and covered with a buffer
solution that conducts electricity
2. An electrical current is passed through the gel - dna fragments are
negatively charged so they move towards the positive electrode at the far end
3. Shorter dna fragments move faster and travel further through the gel so the
fragments separate according to length producing a pattern of bands
Explain the 4 steps in the polymerase chain reaction
Give this one a try later!
1. Reaction mixture is set up that contains the dna sample, free nucleotides,
primers and DNA polymerase
2. Dna mixture is heated to 95degrees to break hydrogen bonds and then
cooled to between 50-65 so primers can bind to strands
3. Reaction mixture is heated to 72 so DNA polymerase can work which lines
up free nucleotides along template and specific base pairing allows
compememnty new strands to form
4. Two new copies of fragment of dna are formed and one cycle complete-
cycle starts again this time all 4strands are used (each cycle doubles dna)
Which two methods are used to amplify dna fragments
Give this one a try later!
