Stirling et al: compared 30 schiz patients with 18 control on cognitive tasks e.g. Stroop
test (name ink colour of colour words)
Patients over twice as long as control to suppress impulse to read word and name colour
instead
Support Frith theory of central control dysfunction
Not clear whether proximinal cause (cause of symptoms) or underlying cause (origins of
disorder)
Give this one a try later!
Psychological explanations for schizophrenia (+ support for different
information processing)
When two or more conditions occur together
Occur together a lot - question whether they are actually a single disorder
,Buckley et al: schizophrenia patients - 50% depression diagnosis 47% substance abuse
Severe depression looks like schizophrenia vice versa = may be one condition
Confusion
Give this one a try later!
Diagnosis/classification of schizophrenia (- co-morbidity issues)
Goring: compared 3000 criminals with 3000 non-criminals
Concluded no evidence that offenders are distinct group with unusual physical
characteristics
Did suggest many have lower than average iQ, limited support for idea of criminal sub-
species
Does question key element - physical appearance
Give this one a try later!
Biological explanations: atavastic form (- contradictory evidence for atavistic
form)
Duck: breakdown is a process with 4 distinct phases
Each has threshold (perception of relationship changes)
May reassess/halt breakdown process
Cross threshold = move on to next phase
1: intra-psychic stage
TH - 'i can't stand this anymore'
Determination that something has to change
Dissatisfied, brood on reasons
Keep to themselves/share with friend
,2: dyadic phase
TH - 'i would be justified in withdrawing'
Discuss with partner
Dissatisfaction about equity/commitment etc
Vary in length/degree of hostility + anxiety
3: social phase
TH - 'i mean it'
Seek support (particularly from joint friends)
May be encouraged to pick a side or prevent by acting as go-between
News public = point of no return
4: grave-dressing phase
TH - 'it's now inevitable'
Story of relationship/end prepared for wider consumption
Attempt to ensure storyteller judged favourably
Necessary to 'move on'
Give this one a try later!
Theories of romantic relationships: Duck's phase model
Anderson et al: cohabiting partners experiences emotional convergence (becoming
more similar over time)
Davis & Rusbalt: attitude alignment also takes place (change to become more similar)
Similarities may be effect of having a relationship rather than the cause
Give this one a try later!
Factors affecting attraction: filter theory (- direction of effects questioned)
, Free will: we are self-determining
Free to choose thoughts/actions
Biological/environmental influences on behaviour but can reject
No cause/unpredictable
Humanistic approach
Determinism: behaviour shaped/controlled by internal/external forces
Hard = completely out of control, all has cause possible to identify, predictable,
compatible with aims of science
Soft = all has cause, conscious mental control over behaviour, behaviour predictable to
extent, some free will to make choices
Biological determinism
Biological approach, control from internal biological factors
(physiological/genetic/hormonal)
Physiological processes not under conscious control (e.g. influence of ANS on
stress/anxiety)
Genetic factors may determine behaviours/characteristics (e.g. mental disorders)
Hormones may determine behaviour (e.g. testosterone linked to aggression)
Environmental determinism
Popularised by behaviourist approach
Skinner: all result of conditioning
Choice = total sum of reinforcement contingencies acted upon during lives
Illusion of free will, shaped by environmental events/agents of socialisation (e.g. parents,
teachers, institutions)
Psychic determinism
Flreud: free will = illusion, emphasis on biological drives/instincts underpinning
responses
Determined/directed by unconscious conflicts repressed in childhood
E.g. 'slip of the tongue' determined by unconscious
Science seeks causal explanations
Basic principle: every event has cause, can be explained with general laws
test (name ink colour of colour words)
Patients over twice as long as control to suppress impulse to read word and name colour
instead
Support Frith theory of central control dysfunction
Not clear whether proximinal cause (cause of symptoms) or underlying cause (origins of
disorder)
Give this one a try later!
Psychological explanations for schizophrenia (+ support for different
information processing)
When two or more conditions occur together
Occur together a lot - question whether they are actually a single disorder
,Buckley et al: schizophrenia patients - 50% depression diagnosis 47% substance abuse
Severe depression looks like schizophrenia vice versa = may be one condition
Confusion
Give this one a try later!
Diagnosis/classification of schizophrenia (- co-morbidity issues)
Goring: compared 3000 criminals with 3000 non-criminals
Concluded no evidence that offenders are distinct group with unusual physical
characteristics
Did suggest many have lower than average iQ, limited support for idea of criminal sub-
species
Does question key element - physical appearance
Give this one a try later!
Biological explanations: atavastic form (- contradictory evidence for atavistic
form)
Duck: breakdown is a process with 4 distinct phases
Each has threshold (perception of relationship changes)
May reassess/halt breakdown process
Cross threshold = move on to next phase
1: intra-psychic stage
TH - 'i can't stand this anymore'
Determination that something has to change
Dissatisfied, brood on reasons
Keep to themselves/share with friend
,2: dyadic phase
TH - 'i would be justified in withdrawing'
Discuss with partner
Dissatisfaction about equity/commitment etc
Vary in length/degree of hostility + anxiety
3: social phase
TH - 'i mean it'
Seek support (particularly from joint friends)
May be encouraged to pick a side or prevent by acting as go-between
News public = point of no return
4: grave-dressing phase
TH - 'it's now inevitable'
Story of relationship/end prepared for wider consumption
Attempt to ensure storyteller judged favourably
Necessary to 'move on'
Give this one a try later!
Theories of romantic relationships: Duck's phase model
Anderson et al: cohabiting partners experiences emotional convergence (becoming
more similar over time)
Davis & Rusbalt: attitude alignment also takes place (change to become more similar)
Similarities may be effect of having a relationship rather than the cause
Give this one a try later!
Factors affecting attraction: filter theory (- direction of effects questioned)
, Free will: we are self-determining
Free to choose thoughts/actions
Biological/environmental influences on behaviour but can reject
No cause/unpredictable
Humanistic approach
Determinism: behaviour shaped/controlled by internal/external forces
Hard = completely out of control, all has cause possible to identify, predictable,
compatible with aims of science
Soft = all has cause, conscious mental control over behaviour, behaviour predictable to
extent, some free will to make choices
Biological determinism
Biological approach, control from internal biological factors
(physiological/genetic/hormonal)
Physiological processes not under conscious control (e.g. influence of ANS on
stress/anxiety)
Genetic factors may determine behaviours/characteristics (e.g. mental disorders)
Hormones may determine behaviour (e.g. testosterone linked to aggression)
Environmental determinism
Popularised by behaviourist approach
Skinner: all result of conditioning
Choice = total sum of reinforcement contingencies acted upon during lives
Illusion of free will, shaped by environmental events/agents of socialisation (e.g. parents,
teachers, institutions)
Psychic determinism
Flreud: free will = illusion, emphasis on biological drives/instincts underpinning
responses
Determined/directed by unconscious conflicts repressed in childhood
E.g. 'slip of the tongue' determined by unconscious
Science seeks causal explanations
Basic principle: every event has cause, can be explained with general laws
