BBH 451 Exam 3 Study Guide With
Complete Solutions
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open,
allowing more sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs
without neurotransmitter binding. A drug causes these sodium channels too
close entirely. What could the drug be classified as - ANSWER Inverse agonist
- this case represents an antagonist-like activity, but more severe than an
antagonist
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open,
allowing more sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs
without neurotransmitter binding. A drug causes these sodium channels to open
to a level greater than when no neurotransmitter is present but not as high as
when the neurotransmitter is present. What could the drug be classified as? -
ANSWER Partial agonist
- this case represents a drug that can work to a partial extent but not fully
Which of the following is not a treatment for cocaine dependency - ANSWER
Cocaethylene
What is the primary mechanism of action of cocaine? - ANSWER It inhibits the
reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
A drug that mimics the response from the sympathetic nervous system is said to
be a - ANSWER sympathomimetic
Which of the following is not a sympathomimetic substance - ANSWER glutamate
Cocaine has two isomers (+), (-), if you need more of the (+) isomer than the (-)
isomer to block dopamine uptake, would the Kd of (+) cocaine be higher, lower
or the same as (-) cocaine? - ANSWER higher
How does the half life of amphetamine compared to methamphetamine and
cocaine? - ANSWER Shorter than methamphetamine, but longer than cocaine
Which form of amphetamine is a prodrug - ANSWER Lisdexamphetamine
What is the primary effect of amphetamine - ANSWER It reverses the action of
VMAT, which increases dopamine in the cytoplasm
,Which of the following is not true regarding the effect of amphetamine on VMAT?
- ANSWER during middle stages of amphetamine stimulation, dopamine
concentrations in vesicles is very high
What are the cardiovascular effects of using methamphetamine - ANSWER
constriction of blood vessels, increased blood pressure, and increased risk of
heart attack
Addiction to methamphetamine often causes anhedonia, which can be
described as - ANSWER reduced interest in pleasurable activities
- changed answer from emotion to pain so that the distinction would be greater.
lack of feeling emotion is really called diminished affect, but feeling emotion has
some commonality with anhedonia
What ingredient is found in a common cold medication and is also a precursor to
methamphetamine? - ANSWER pseuroephedrine
How does smoking tobacco influence the half life of cocaine - ANSWER tobacco
increases the activity of CYP1A2, decreasing caffeines half life
In what case do antidepressants clearly out-perform placebos? - ANSWER those
with severe depression
Which of the following is not a potential problem with the monamine hypothesis
as related to serotonin? - ANSWER antidepressants increase serotonin levels in
a matter of hours, but no behavioral effects are seen for 2-4 weeks after
administration
- this is the best answer because the length of time until remission of symptoms
suggests that something other than monamine is active but keep in mind that
some say monamine active drugs are modulating a system that takes a long time
to change, so they would not see D as a potential problem. you could argue that
all of these are potential problems for the monoamine hypothesis and thus they
would say there needs to be an "E" answer that is "all of these are potential
problems for the monamine hypothesis
the other answers:
- many people have low basal serotonin levels, yet they dont have depressions
- experimentally decreasing the amounts of serotonin does not result in
depression
- treatments that do not target serotonin work just as well as those that do target
serotonin
Regarding the effects of depression on the hippocampus, which of the following
is a possible symptom of depression related to the hippocampus - ANSWER
memory deficits
, Monamine oxidase inhibitors acts on which of the following neurotransmitter
pathways? - ANSWER serotonin and norepinephrine
Which of the following is not a side effect of SSRIs? - ANSWER A. insomnia
B. sexual dysfunction
C. nausea
D. headaches
ANSWER: D. Headaches
In the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression, what protein directly increases
transcription of brain derived neurotrophic factor gene, and therefore its protein
- ANSWER CREB
THC can last a long time in the body, and is primarily stored in: - ANSWER Fat
Use of marijuana results in increased synaptic dopamine in which area (choose
the one with the largest change)? - ANSWER nucleus accumbens
This type of drug produces an experience where the user is aware that what
they are experiencing is not reality - ANSWER Psychedelic
Which of the following psychedelics is not catecholamine- like? - ANSWER
Psilocybin
MDMA increases levels of serotonin and can lead to a serotonin syndrome.
which of the following is not a symptom of serotonin syndrome? - ANSWER A.
Tachycardia
B. Hypothermia
C. Muscle twitching
D. Hallucinations
ANSWER: B. Hypothermia
Which of the following is not increased by ecstasy? - ANSWER Epinephrine
When LSD was first discovered in 1942 by Albert Hoffman, his experience was
abnormally intense. What may have caused this? - ANSWER He took a
significantly larger dose than was recognized later
Which drug has been prescribed with a standing order to prevent opioid
overdose deaths? - ANSWER naloxone
The action of several drugs has provided insight to the neurophysiology of
schizophrenia - ANSWER LSD and PCP
Complete Solutions
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open,
allowing more sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs
without neurotransmitter binding. A drug causes these sodium channels too
close entirely. What could the drug be classified as - ANSWER Inverse agonist
- this case represents an antagonist-like activity, but more severe than an
antagonist
A natural ligand (neurotransmitter) causes sodium leak channels to open,
allowing more sodium to pass through than the small amount that occurs
without neurotransmitter binding. A drug causes these sodium channels to open
to a level greater than when no neurotransmitter is present but not as high as
when the neurotransmitter is present. What could the drug be classified as? -
ANSWER Partial agonist
- this case represents a drug that can work to a partial extent but not fully
Which of the following is not a treatment for cocaine dependency - ANSWER
Cocaethylene
What is the primary mechanism of action of cocaine? - ANSWER It inhibits the
reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
A drug that mimics the response from the sympathetic nervous system is said to
be a - ANSWER sympathomimetic
Which of the following is not a sympathomimetic substance - ANSWER glutamate
Cocaine has two isomers (+), (-), if you need more of the (+) isomer than the (-)
isomer to block dopamine uptake, would the Kd of (+) cocaine be higher, lower
or the same as (-) cocaine? - ANSWER higher
How does the half life of amphetamine compared to methamphetamine and
cocaine? - ANSWER Shorter than methamphetamine, but longer than cocaine
Which form of amphetamine is a prodrug - ANSWER Lisdexamphetamine
What is the primary effect of amphetamine - ANSWER It reverses the action of
VMAT, which increases dopamine in the cytoplasm
,Which of the following is not true regarding the effect of amphetamine on VMAT?
- ANSWER during middle stages of amphetamine stimulation, dopamine
concentrations in vesicles is very high
What are the cardiovascular effects of using methamphetamine - ANSWER
constriction of blood vessels, increased blood pressure, and increased risk of
heart attack
Addiction to methamphetamine often causes anhedonia, which can be
described as - ANSWER reduced interest in pleasurable activities
- changed answer from emotion to pain so that the distinction would be greater.
lack of feeling emotion is really called diminished affect, but feeling emotion has
some commonality with anhedonia
What ingredient is found in a common cold medication and is also a precursor to
methamphetamine? - ANSWER pseuroephedrine
How does smoking tobacco influence the half life of cocaine - ANSWER tobacco
increases the activity of CYP1A2, decreasing caffeines half life
In what case do antidepressants clearly out-perform placebos? - ANSWER those
with severe depression
Which of the following is not a potential problem with the monamine hypothesis
as related to serotonin? - ANSWER antidepressants increase serotonin levels in
a matter of hours, but no behavioral effects are seen for 2-4 weeks after
administration
- this is the best answer because the length of time until remission of symptoms
suggests that something other than monamine is active but keep in mind that
some say monamine active drugs are modulating a system that takes a long time
to change, so they would not see D as a potential problem. you could argue that
all of these are potential problems for the monoamine hypothesis and thus they
would say there needs to be an "E" answer that is "all of these are potential
problems for the monamine hypothesis
the other answers:
- many people have low basal serotonin levels, yet they dont have depressions
- experimentally decreasing the amounts of serotonin does not result in
depression
- treatments that do not target serotonin work just as well as those that do target
serotonin
Regarding the effects of depression on the hippocampus, which of the following
is a possible symptom of depression related to the hippocampus - ANSWER
memory deficits
, Monamine oxidase inhibitors acts on which of the following neurotransmitter
pathways? - ANSWER serotonin and norepinephrine
Which of the following is not a side effect of SSRIs? - ANSWER A. insomnia
B. sexual dysfunction
C. nausea
D. headaches
ANSWER: D. Headaches
In the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression, what protein directly increases
transcription of brain derived neurotrophic factor gene, and therefore its protein
- ANSWER CREB
THC can last a long time in the body, and is primarily stored in: - ANSWER Fat
Use of marijuana results in increased synaptic dopamine in which area (choose
the one with the largest change)? - ANSWER nucleus accumbens
This type of drug produces an experience where the user is aware that what
they are experiencing is not reality - ANSWER Psychedelic
Which of the following psychedelics is not catecholamine- like? - ANSWER
Psilocybin
MDMA increases levels of serotonin and can lead to a serotonin syndrome.
which of the following is not a symptom of serotonin syndrome? - ANSWER A.
Tachycardia
B. Hypothermia
C. Muscle twitching
D. Hallucinations
ANSWER: B. Hypothermia
Which of the following is not increased by ecstasy? - ANSWER Epinephrine
When LSD was first discovered in 1942 by Albert Hoffman, his experience was
abnormally intense. What may have caused this? - ANSWER He took a
significantly larger dose than was recognized later
Which drug has been prescribed with a standing order to prevent opioid
overdose deaths? - ANSWER naloxone
The action of several drugs has provided insight to the neurophysiology of
schizophrenia - ANSWER LSD and PCP
