BBH 451 Exam 1 Questions With
Correct Answers
pharmacopeias - ANSWER complete lists of medicines. Egypt is the source of
most of these
Babylonia - ANSWER in this ancient empire, they had Hammurabi's code which
talked about the physician's responsibility.
The higher the patient was in society, the more responsibility the physician had
for the patient
Greece - ANSWER in this ancient empire, Hippocrates was writing a lot about
medicine; this is where the Hippocratic Oath came from
Rome - ANSWER in this ancient empire, Galen discovered tinctures or extracts
in alcohol (e.g. Landanum made of poppy opium in alcohol)
islamic world - ANSWER what region of the world made the advances in
pharmacology during the dark and middle ages? The preservation of knowledge
was passed on to Europe
opium - ANSWER what drug is extracted from poppies?
Paracelsus - ANSWER this person was the founder of toxicology and wrote the
materia medica (the materials of medicine)
He also wrote Nuovo Receptario which was commissioned by the city of
Florence in 1498. It was the best pharmacopeia at the time
Paul Ehrlich and JN Langley - ANSWER these two scientists made a big
breakthrough in pharmacology by introducing the concept of receptors in 1904
The idea of a receptor became the foundation of everything we know about how
drugs work (not by magic and not non-specifically)
They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908
vaccines - ANSWER one of the 4 pharmacological revolutions. Originally
discovered in the Indus valley but rediscovered by Jenner.
____ for smallpox were happening very early in history, but that disappeared
(Europeans did not know about it)
,-powerful and selective
-demonstrated a route for drug administration (injection)
-changed modern society
antibiotics - ANSWER one of the 4 pharmacological revolutions. Discovered by
Fleming
-metals
-sulfanilamides
-biologics
-not preventative, were used to cure disease
psychotropics - ANSWER one of the 4 pharmacological revolutions. Drugs that
modify behavior. Meant to be medicinal in their use
oral contraceptives - ANSWER one of the 4 pharmacological revolutions. Do not
treat a disease which was revolutionary, and were very controversial in the
1960s
drug - ANSWER any chemical used to modify the body's action, or the action of
another organism in the body (bacteria). The chemicals are usually not
produced by the body, but there are some exceptions (melatonin, insulin,
norepinephrine, etc.)
Alec Keith and Wally Snipes - ANSWER who were the two Penn State scientists
that pioneered the transdermal route of drug administration?
Russell Marker - ANSWER who was the PSU scientist that developed a chemical
synthesis for steroid hormones in the 1930s that lead to the 1st useful and
economic oral contraceptive in 1951?
neuron - ANSWER the type of cell on which nearly all psychoactive drugs work
by altering their function
CNS - ANSWER division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and
spinal cord
PNS - ANSWER conveys messages to and from CNS. Has somatic and
autonomic division
somatic nervous system - ANSWER division of PNS responsible for voluntary
movement and reflexes
autonomic nervous system - ANSWER division of PNS that has parasympathetic,
sympathetic, and enteric divisions
, sympathomimetics - ANSWER drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system
(ex: norepi, epi, dopamine)
gathering info, processing info, acting on the info (sending out signals) -
ANSWER what are the 3 stages of the brain's action? These three stages are
potential sites for drug action
frontal cortex - ANSWER part of the brain that is responsible for executive
function
cerebellum - ANSWER nicknamed the "little brain" this part of the brain is
relevant for balance and coordinated motor function. Also plays a role in
memory, emotions, and rewarding responses
diencephalon - ANSWER this brain region is made up of the hypothalamus and
the thalamus
hypothalamus - ANSWER regulates function of pituitary gland and many other
endocrine functions all over the body. Considered the "master" endocrine gland
thalamus - ANSWER part of the brain that helps with motor control. Relays
Sensory Signals to where they have to go in the cortex. Has connections to the
hippocampus.
Also has to do with pain perception and controls sleep/awake states
basal ganglia - ANSWER a set of structures in the brain that include the
substantia nigra, caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. These areas are
important in fine tuning motor function and are also critically involved in
addiction.
substantia nigra - ANSWER literally translates to "substance black." Area is very
dark because of oxidized dopamine. One of the structures that makes up the
basal ganglia
caudate - ANSWER literally translates to "tail." Has a head and a tail; one of the
structures that makes up the basal ganglia
globus pallidus - ANSWER literally translates to "pale globe." Neurons are pale
in color. One of the structures that makes up the basal ganglia
limbic system - ANSWER region of the brain that is partially made up by the
hippocampus and the amygdala
hippocampus - ANSWER brain structure that is associated with memory and is
one of the primary modulators of the HPA axis
Correct Answers
pharmacopeias - ANSWER complete lists of medicines. Egypt is the source of
most of these
Babylonia - ANSWER in this ancient empire, they had Hammurabi's code which
talked about the physician's responsibility.
The higher the patient was in society, the more responsibility the physician had
for the patient
Greece - ANSWER in this ancient empire, Hippocrates was writing a lot about
medicine; this is where the Hippocratic Oath came from
Rome - ANSWER in this ancient empire, Galen discovered tinctures or extracts
in alcohol (e.g. Landanum made of poppy opium in alcohol)
islamic world - ANSWER what region of the world made the advances in
pharmacology during the dark and middle ages? The preservation of knowledge
was passed on to Europe
opium - ANSWER what drug is extracted from poppies?
Paracelsus - ANSWER this person was the founder of toxicology and wrote the
materia medica (the materials of medicine)
He also wrote Nuovo Receptario which was commissioned by the city of
Florence in 1498. It was the best pharmacopeia at the time
Paul Ehrlich and JN Langley - ANSWER these two scientists made a big
breakthrough in pharmacology by introducing the concept of receptors in 1904
The idea of a receptor became the foundation of everything we know about how
drugs work (not by magic and not non-specifically)
They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908
vaccines - ANSWER one of the 4 pharmacological revolutions. Originally
discovered in the Indus valley but rediscovered by Jenner.
____ for smallpox were happening very early in history, but that disappeared
(Europeans did not know about it)
,-powerful and selective
-demonstrated a route for drug administration (injection)
-changed modern society
antibiotics - ANSWER one of the 4 pharmacological revolutions. Discovered by
Fleming
-metals
-sulfanilamides
-biologics
-not preventative, were used to cure disease
psychotropics - ANSWER one of the 4 pharmacological revolutions. Drugs that
modify behavior. Meant to be medicinal in their use
oral contraceptives - ANSWER one of the 4 pharmacological revolutions. Do not
treat a disease which was revolutionary, and were very controversial in the
1960s
drug - ANSWER any chemical used to modify the body's action, or the action of
another organism in the body (bacteria). The chemicals are usually not
produced by the body, but there are some exceptions (melatonin, insulin,
norepinephrine, etc.)
Alec Keith and Wally Snipes - ANSWER who were the two Penn State scientists
that pioneered the transdermal route of drug administration?
Russell Marker - ANSWER who was the PSU scientist that developed a chemical
synthesis for steroid hormones in the 1930s that lead to the 1st useful and
economic oral contraceptive in 1951?
neuron - ANSWER the type of cell on which nearly all psychoactive drugs work
by altering their function
CNS - ANSWER division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and
spinal cord
PNS - ANSWER conveys messages to and from CNS. Has somatic and
autonomic division
somatic nervous system - ANSWER division of PNS responsible for voluntary
movement and reflexes
autonomic nervous system - ANSWER division of PNS that has parasympathetic,
sympathetic, and enteric divisions
, sympathomimetics - ANSWER drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system
(ex: norepi, epi, dopamine)
gathering info, processing info, acting on the info (sending out signals) -
ANSWER what are the 3 stages of the brain's action? These three stages are
potential sites for drug action
frontal cortex - ANSWER part of the brain that is responsible for executive
function
cerebellum - ANSWER nicknamed the "little brain" this part of the brain is
relevant for balance and coordinated motor function. Also plays a role in
memory, emotions, and rewarding responses
diencephalon - ANSWER this brain region is made up of the hypothalamus and
the thalamus
hypothalamus - ANSWER regulates function of pituitary gland and many other
endocrine functions all over the body. Considered the "master" endocrine gland
thalamus - ANSWER part of the brain that helps with motor control. Relays
Sensory Signals to where they have to go in the cortex. Has connections to the
hippocampus.
Also has to do with pain perception and controls sleep/awake states
basal ganglia - ANSWER a set of structures in the brain that include the
substantia nigra, caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. These areas are
important in fine tuning motor function and are also critically involved in
addiction.
substantia nigra - ANSWER literally translates to "substance black." Area is very
dark because of oxidized dopamine. One of the structures that makes up the
basal ganglia
caudate - ANSWER literally translates to "tail." Has a head and a tail; one of the
structures that makes up the basal ganglia
globus pallidus - ANSWER literally translates to "pale globe." Neurons are pale
in color. One of the structures that makes up the basal ganglia
limbic system - ANSWER region of the brain that is partially made up by the
hippocampus and the amygdala
hippocampus - ANSWER brain structure that is associated with memory and is
one of the primary modulators of the HPA axis
