DBS 1001 - Midterm UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Clinical Studies Studies investigating human health aspects, disease mechanisms, treatment
effectiveness, and safety.
advance medical knowledge
, Analytical Study Quantifies the relationship between intervention and outcome, distinguishing
between observational and experimental.
Observational Studies Designed to observe individuals in natural settings with or without intervention
to identify associations between variables.
Case Series Observational research analyzing data from patients with similar characteristics
or treatments.
These studies lack a control group, less rigorous in establishing causality.
Case-Control Studies Compares individuals with a medical condition (cases) to those without it
(controls) to determine associations.
Cross-Sectional Studies Collects data at a specific time to assess prevalence or frequency of a
condition in a population.
Cohort Studies Follows a group over time to track exposure to risk factors and health
outcomes.
Help to identify potential causes or risk factors for diseases.
Case Reports vs Case Series Case Report: detailed histories of single cases
Case Series: detailed histories of multiple cases
Both: provide symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients
Case Report/Series advantages allow to identify unexpected effects, new diseases, reveal pathogenesis of
disease or adverse effect.
epidemiology value: study predictive symptoms, signs and tests
Case-Control Studies Matches cases to measure intervention or disease (cases), compared with
individuals without the intervention or disease (control).
Goal: to uncover what caused the outcome in one group but not the other
Response Bias (Case control studies) Differences in reporting events between groups, potentially affecting study
outcomes.
Controls Participants without the outcome of interest used for comparison in a case-
control study.
Case Participants with the outcome of interest in a case-control study.
Exposed Participants with the exposure being studied in a case-control study.
Not Exposed Participants without the exposure being studied in a case-control study.
Odds Ratio Ratio of odds of exposure in cases to odds of exposure in controls, used in
case-control studies.
CORRECT Answers
Clinical Studies Studies investigating human health aspects, disease mechanisms, treatment
effectiveness, and safety.
advance medical knowledge
, Analytical Study Quantifies the relationship between intervention and outcome, distinguishing
between observational and experimental.
Observational Studies Designed to observe individuals in natural settings with or without intervention
to identify associations between variables.
Case Series Observational research analyzing data from patients with similar characteristics
or treatments.
These studies lack a control group, less rigorous in establishing causality.
Case-Control Studies Compares individuals with a medical condition (cases) to those without it
(controls) to determine associations.
Cross-Sectional Studies Collects data at a specific time to assess prevalence or frequency of a
condition in a population.
Cohort Studies Follows a group over time to track exposure to risk factors and health
outcomes.
Help to identify potential causes or risk factors for diseases.
Case Reports vs Case Series Case Report: detailed histories of single cases
Case Series: detailed histories of multiple cases
Both: provide symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients
Case Report/Series advantages allow to identify unexpected effects, new diseases, reveal pathogenesis of
disease or adverse effect.
epidemiology value: study predictive symptoms, signs and tests
Case-Control Studies Matches cases to measure intervention or disease (cases), compared with
individuals without the intervention or disease (control).
Goal: to uncover what caused the outcome in one group but not the other
Response Bias (Case control studies) Differences in reporting events between groups, potentially affecting study
outcomes.
Controls Participants without the outcome of interest used for comparison in a case-
control study.
Case Participants with the outcome of interest in a case-control study.
Exposed Participants with the exposure being studied in a case-control study.
Not Exposed Participants without the exposure being studied in a case-control study.
Odds Ratio Ratio of odds of exposure in cases to odds of exposure in controls, used in
case-control studies.
