Exam 2 - Fundamentals (NR 226) UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Anwers
pH normal range 7.35-7.45
causes of respiratory acidosis COPD, asthma, bronchitis, barbiturate or sedative overdose, acute airway
obstruction, weakness of the respiratory muscles
nursing interventions for respiratory acidosis place semi-Fowler's position, maintain patent airway, turn cough, and deep
breathe, administer fluids to help liquefy, administer low oxygen, monitor ABG
causes of respiratory alkalosis hyperventilation and mechanical overventilation, panic attack, anxiety,
encephalitis
nursing interventions for respiratory alkalosis encourage breathing into a paper bag or voluntary breath holding
causes of metabolic acidosis diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration, diarrhea, renal tubular
nursing interventions for metabolic acidosis administer sodium bicarb as ordered, monitor for signs of hyperkalemia,
measure intake and output, monitor ABG
causes of metabolic alkalosis nausea & vomiting, after chemotherapy, NG tube
nursing interventions for metabolic alkalosis replace fluid and electrolyte losses (potassium chloride), measure intake and
output, monitor for hypokalemia, monitor ABG
pH = 7.31, PCO2 = 49, HCO3 = 24 respiratory acidosis
pH = 7.5, PCO2 = 37, HCO3 = 29 metabolic alkalosis
pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 21, HCO3 = 22 respiratory alkalosis
pH = 7.15, PCO2 = 44, HCO3 = 19 metabolic acidosis
pH = 7.45, PCO2 = 36, HCO3 = 25 normal
pH = 7.47, PCO2 = 26, HCO3 = 20 respiratory alkalosis
pH = 7.34, PCO2 = 30, HCO3 = 20 metabolic acidosis with partial compensation
pH = 7.23, PCO2 = 61, HCO3 = 40 respiratory acidosis with partial compensation
arterial blood gas pH A 7.35 7.45 B
lungs PCO2 B 35 45 A
kidney HCO3 A 22 26 B
, main causes of electrolytes imbalance changes in diet, GI malfunction, renal problems, medications, procedures or an
entire disease process (all of these can cause either hypo or hyper in
elecctrolytes)
normal sodium (Na) levels 136-145 mEq/L
hypernatremia (hypertonic body fluids) abnormally high sodium ion concentration in the blood
causes of hypernatremia excessive/rapid IV administration of normal saline, inadequate water intake and
kidney disease
signs and symptoms of hypernatremia confusion, dry mucous membranes, neck vein is flat, dry skin, furrows in tongue
(common in the older population), skin tenting, intense thirst, oliguria to anuria,
dark urine, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia with thready pulse, tachypnea,
hypoxia, weight loss, specific gravity of urine is high, HCT is high
treatment for hypernatremia weigh patient daily, monitor intake & output, monitor weight, and monitor vitals;
assess skin turgor, place patient on sodium-restricted diet, and administer
hypotonic IV fluids or isotonic IV fluids (NS)
hyponatremia (hypotonic body fluids) abnormally low sodium ion concentration in the blood
causes of hyponatremia decreased sodium intake, increased sodium excretion due to suctioning
signs and symptoms of hyponatremia confusion, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramping, weight gain, cold
clammy skin, sticky and moist mucous membrane, fatigue, dyspnea, shortness
of breath, crackles, periorbital edema, distended JVD, polyuria, restlessness,
irritability, muscle weakness, spasms or cramps, seizures, coma, specific gravity
of urine is low, HCT is low
treatment for hyponatremia provide high sodium foods, auscultate lungs (crackles), administer hypertonic
IV fluids or isotonic IV fluids (NS), monitor intake and output, monitor weight,
and monitor vital signs, note that body weight is the best indicator that shows if
patient is losing or gaining weight, monitor daily weight at the same time of the
day, patient should should wear the same gown, use the same weighing scale
and use the same calibrations (use pounds or kg be consistent)
normal value of potassium 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L (think the heart, dysrhythmias in both hypo and hyperkalemia
and use 12 leads ECG or EKG)
hyperkalemia abnormally high potassium ion concentration in the blood
causes of hyperkalemia increased potassium intake and absorption, shift of potassium from cells into
the ECF, and decreased potassium output; people who have renal issues such
as oliguria (decreased urine output) are at high risk of hyperkalemia;
understanding this principle helps you remember to check urine output before
you administer IV solutions containing potassium
signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia muscle weakness, potentially life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac
arrest, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness, tingling, irritability, and flaccid
paralysis
Questions and CORRECT Anwers
pH normal range 7.35-7.45
causes of respiratory acidosis COPD, asthma, bronchitis, barbiturate or sedative overdose, acute airway
obstruction, weakness of the respiratory muscles
nursing interventions for respiratory acidosis place semi-Fowler's position, maintain patent airway, turn cough, and deep
breathe, administer fluids to help liquefy, administer low oxygen, monitor ABG
causes of respiratory alkalosis hyperventilation and mechanical overventilation, panic attack, anxiety,
encephalitis
nursing interventions for respiratory alkalosis encourage breathing into a paper bag or voluntary breath holding
causes of metabolic acidosis diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration, diarrhea, renal tubular
nursing interventions for metabolic acidosis administer sodium bicarb as ordered, monitor for signs of hyperkalemia,
measure intake and output, monitor ABG
causes of metabolic alkalosis nausea & vomiting, after chemotherapy, NG tube
nursing interventions for metabolic alkalosis replace fluid and electrolyte losses (potassium chloride), measure intake and
output, monitor for hypokalemia, monitor ABG
pH = 7.31, PCO2 = 49, HCO3 = 24 respiratory acidosis
pH = 7.5, PCO2 = 37, HCO3 = 29 metabolic alkalosis
pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 21, HCO3 = 22 respiratory alkalosis
pH = 7.15, PCO2 = 44, HCO3 = 19 metabolic acidosis
pH = 7.45, PCO2 = 36, HCO3 = 25 normal
pH = 7.47, PCO2 = 26, HCO3 = 20 respiratory alkalosis
pH = 7.34, PCO2 = 30, HCO3 = 20 metabolic acidosis with partial compensation
pH = 7.23, PCO2 = 61, HCO3 = 40 respiratory acidosis with partial compensation
arterial blood gas pH A 7.35 7.45 B
lungs PCO2 B 35 45 A
kidney HCO3 A 22 26 B
, main causes of electrolytes imbalance changes in diet, GI malfunction, renal problems, medications, procedures or an
entire disease process (all of these can cause either hypo or hyper in
elecctrolytes)
normal sodium (Na) levels 136-145 mEq/L
hypernatremia (hypertonic body fluids) abnormally high sodium ion concentration in the blood
causes of hypernatremia excessive/rapid IV administration of normal saline, inadequate water intake and
kidney disease
signs and symptoms of hypernatremia confusion, dry mucous membranes, neck vein is flat, dry skin, furrows in tongue
(common in the older population), skin tenting, intense thirst, oliguria to anuria,
dark urine, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia with thready pulse, tachypnea,
hypoxia, weight loss, specific gravity of urine is high, HCT is high
treatment for hypernatremia weigh patient daily, monitor intake & output, monitor weight, and monitor vitals;
assess skin turgor, place patient on sodium-restricted diet, and administer
hypotonic IV fluids or isotonic IV fluids (NS)
hyponatremia (hypotonic body fluids) abnormally low sodium ion concentration in the blood
causes of hyponatremia decreased sodium intake, increased sodium excretion due to suctioning
signs and symptoms of hyponatremia confusion, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramping, weight gain, cold
clammy skin, sticky and moist mucous membrane, fatigue, dyspnea, shortness
of breath, crackles, periorbital edema, distended JVD, polyuria, restlessness,
irritability, muscle weakness, spasms or cramps, seizures, coma, specific gravity
of urine is low, HCT is low
treatment for hyponatremia provide high sodium foods, auscultate lungs (crackles), administer hypertonic
IV fluids or isotonic IV fluids (NS), monitor intake and output, monitor weight,
and monitor vital signs, note that body weight is the best indicator that shows if
patient is losing or gaining weight, monitor daily weight at the same time of the
day, patient should should wear the same gown, use the same weighing scale
and use the same calibrations (use pounds or kg be consistent)
normal value of potassium 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L (think the heart, dysrhythmias in both hypo and hyperkalemia
and use 12 leads ECG or EKG)
hyperkalemia abnormally high potassium ion concentration in the blood
causes of hyperkalemia increased potassium intake and absorption, shift of potassium from cells into
the ECF, and decreased potassium output; people who have renal issues such
as oliguria (decreased urine output) are at high risk of hyperkalemia;
understanding this principle helps you remember to check urine output before
you administer IV solutions containing potassium
signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia muscle weakness, potentially life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac
arrest, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness, tingling, irritability, and flaccid
paralysis
