During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug reactions with po-
tential long term consequences? - ANSWER 1st trimester (fetus most at risk d/t rapid
growth)
What is BEERS criteria? - ANSWER Recommendations of medications inappropriate for
elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) - ANSWER liver enzyme system where medica-
tions are metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers - ANSWER Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug
has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic - ANSWER "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names - ANSWER Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifam-
pin, alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors - ANSWER inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
CYP450 pneumonic - ANSWER "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like
CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names - ANSWER Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
1
,Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and pharmacoki-
netic properties of drugs? - ANSWER increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase
durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic - ANSWER Antiepileptic drugs, antimi-
crobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some anticoag-
ulants, and hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? - ANSWER slow
and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? - ANSWER delayed
gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? - ANSWER glucocorti-
coids, discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines, and kernicterus with sulfona-
mides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
what should be included in medication administration patient education? - ANSWER dos-
age size and timing
route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
2
,finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for adverse drug reactions? -
ANSWER reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient experiencing an ad-
verse drug reaction? - ANSWER obtaining a thorough drug history that includes over-the-
counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
How can we promote medication adherence with elderly patients? - ANSWER simplifying
drug regimens
providing clear and concise verbal and written instructions
using an appropriate dosage form
clearly labeling and dispensing easy-to-open containers
developing daily reminders
3
, monitoring frequently
affordability of drugs
support systems
Why do nitrates need to be taken no later than 4 PM? - ANSWER Need nitrate free inter-
val so tolerance doesn't develop
Nine factors that impact outcome of medication? - ANSWER Gender and race
Genetics and pharmacogenomics
Variability in absorption
placebo effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
Do you need informed consent for genetic testing? - ANSWER yes
What is the purpose of the Genetic Information Non-Discriminatory Act? - ANSWER Pro-
tects patients from discrimination by employers and insurance providers based on genetic
information
Difference between practice authority and prescriptive authority? - ANSWER Practice au-
thority refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without physician oversight,
whereas prescriptive authority refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe medi-
cations independently and without limitations.
Who regulates prescriptive authority? - ANSWER the jurisdiction of a health professional
board. This may be the State Board of Nursing, the State Board of Medicine, or the State
Board of Pharmacy, as determined by each state.
4
tential long term consequences? - ANSWER 1st trimester (fetus most at risk d/t rapid
growth)
What is BEERS criteria? - ANSWER Recommendations of medications inappropriate for
elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) - ANSWER liver enzyme system where medica-
tions are metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers - ANSWER Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug
has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic - ANSWER "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names - ANSWER Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifam-
pin, alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors - ANSWER inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
CYP450 pneumonic - ANSWER "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like
CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names - ANSWER Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
1
,Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and pharmacoki-
netic properties of drugs? - ANSWER increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase
durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic - ANSWER Antiepileptic drugs, antimi-
crobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some anticoag-
ulants, and hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? - ANSWER slow
and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? - ANSWER delayed
gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? - ANSWER glucocorti-
coids, discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines, and kernicterus with sulfona-
mides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
what should be included in medication administration patient education? - ANSWER dos-
age size and timing
route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
2
,finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for adverse drug reactions? -
ANSWER reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient experiencing an ad-
verse drug reaction? - ANSWER obtaining a thorough drug history that includes over-the-
counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
How can we promote medication adherence with elderly patients? - ANSWER simplifying
drug regimens
providing clear and concise verbal and written instructions
using an appropriate dosage form
clearly labeling and dispensing easy-to-open containers
developing daily reminders
3
, monitoring frequently
affordability of drugs
support systems
Why do nitrates need to be taken no later than 4 PM? - ANSWER Need nitrate free inter-
val so tolerance doesn't develop
Nine factors that impact outcome of medication? - ANSWER Gender and race
Genetics and pharmacogenomics
Variability in absorption
placebo effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
Do you need informed consent for genetic testing? - ANSWER yes
What is the purpose of the Genetic Information Non-Discriminatory Act? - ANSWER Pro-
tects patients from discrimination by employers and insurance providers based on genetic
information
Difference between practice authority and prescriptive authority? - ANSWER Practice au-
thority refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without physician oversight,
whereas prescriptive authority refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe medi-
cations independently and without limitations.
Who regulates prescriptive authority? - ANSWER the jurisdiction of a health professional
board. This may be the State Board of Nursing, the State Board of Medicine, or the State
Board of Pharmacy, as determined by each state.
4
