LAW 3220 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL 2025/2026 (PROFESSOR: JUDSON JAHN CHAPTERS: 14, 15,
16) Q&A 100% PASS
LAW 3220 Final Exam Practice
Professor: Judson Jahn
Coverage: Chapters 14, 15, & 16 (Agency & Employment Law)
1. Which of the following best defines "Ratification" in agency law?
A. A principal explicitly prohibits an agent from performing a specific act.
B. A principal accepts responsibility for an act that an agent performed without prior
authority.
C. An agent accepts a lower commission to secure a deal for the principal.
D. The government revokes an agent's professional license.
Rationale: Ratification occurs when the principal, with knowledge of the material facts,
affirms or accepts the benefits of a contract made by an agent who lacked actual authority,
thereby binding the principal to the contract as if the authority existed originally.
2. Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, an employer is most likely to be held
vicariously liable for an employee's tort if:
A. The employee was commuting to work in a personal vehicle.
B. The employee detoured significantly to handle a personal errand before an accident.
C. The employee was acting within the "scope of employment" to benefit the employer.
D. The employee specifically told the victim he was acting outside his job duties.
Rationale: Respondeat superior requires the employee's actions to be within the scope of
employment—meaning they are the kind the employee is employed to perform, occur
substantially within authorized time/space limits, and are motivated (at least in part) to
serve the employer.
3. Which type of agent has the broadest authority to act on behalf of the principal, usually
through a general power of attorney?
A. Special Agent
B. General Agent
C. Universal Agent
D. Gratuitous Agent
Rationale: A universal agent is authorized by the principal to perform all acts that can be
legally delegated. This is the highest level of authority, compared to a general agent
(manages all business in a particular area) or a special agent (specific transaction).
, 4. What is an "agent's duty of loyalty" to the principal?
A. The duty to work for free if the principal suffers a loss.
B. The duty to act solely for the principal's benefit in matters connected to the agency.
C. The duty to inform third parties of the principal's confidential trade secrets.
D. The duty to purchase the principal's goods regardless of market price.
Rationale: This is a fiduciary duty, requiring the agent to act in the principal's best interests.
It prohibits self-dealing, usurping corporate opportunities, competing with the principal, or
disclosing confidential information.
5. Which of the following scenarios describes "Agency by Estoppel"?
A. An agent works for a principal for free as a volunteer.
B. A principal creates a power of attorney while mentally incapacitated.
C. A principal's actions lead a third party to reasonably believe an agency exists, so the court
prevents the principal from denying it.
D. The law creates an agency out of necessity due to an emergency where the principal is
unavailable.
Rationale: Agency by estoppel is an equitable doctrine. If a principal "holds out" someone as
having authority and a third party relies on that representation to their detriment, the
principal is "estopped" (prevented) from denying the agency relationship.
6. Under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) , eligible employees are entitled to:
A. Unlimited paid leave for vacation.
B. Up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave per year for specified family and medical
reasons.
C. Paid leave to cover jury duty exclusively.
D. A mandatory bonus upon returning from maternity leave.
Rationale: The FMLA applies to employers with 50+ employees and requires up to 12 weeks
of unpaid leave for the birth/adoption of a child, placement of a foster child, caring for a
spouse/child/parent with a serious health condition, or the employee's own serious health
condition.
7. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination based on:
A. Age only.
B. Disability status only.
C. Race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
D. Political affiliation and marital status.
Rationale: Title VII specifically targets discrimination on these five protected characteristics.
Note that "sex" has been interpreted by courts to include pregnancy, sexual harassment, and
LGBTQ+ status. Age is covered by the ADEA, disability by the ADA.
16) Q&A 100% PASS
LAW 3220 Final Exam Practice
Professor: Judson Jahn
Coverage: Chapters 14, 15, & 16 (Agency & Employment Law)
1. Which of the following best defines "Ratification" in agency law?
A. A principal explicitly prohibits an agent from performing a specific act.
B. A principal accepts responsibility for an act that an agent performed without prior
authority.
C. An agent accepts a lower commission to secure a deal for the principal.
D. The government revokes an agent's professional license.
Rationale: Ratification occurs when the principal, with knowledge of the material facts,
affirms or accepts the benefits of a contract made by an agent who lacked actual authority,
thereby binding the principal to the contract as if the authority existed originally.
2. Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, an employer is most likely to be held
vicariously liable for an employee's tort if:
A. The employee was commuting to work in a personal vehicle.
B. The employee detoured significantly to handle a personal errand before an accident.
C. The employee was acting within the "scope of employment" to benefit the employer.
D. The employee specifically told the victim he was acting outside his job duties.
Rationale: Respondeat superior requires the employee's actions to be within the scope of
employment—meaning they are the kind the employee is employed to perform, occur
substantially within authorized time/space limits, and are motivated (at least in part) to
serve the employer.
3. Which type of agent has the broadest authority to act on behalf of the principal, usually
through a general power of attorney?
A. Special Agent
B. General Agent
C. Universal Agent
D. Gratuitous Agent
Rationale: A universal agent is authorized by the principal to perform all acts that can be
legally delegated. This is the highest level of authority, compared to a general agent
(manages all business in a particular area) or a special agent (specific transaction).
, 4. What is an "agent's duty of loyalty" to the principal?
A. The duty to work for free if the principal suffers a loss.
B. The duty to act solely for the principal's benefit in matters connected to the agency.
C. The duty to inform third parties of the principal's confidential trade secrets.
D. The duty to purchase the principal's goods regardless of market price.
Rationale: This is a fiduciary duty, requiring the agent to act in the principal's best interests.
It prohibits self-dealing, usurping corporate opportunities, competing with the principal, or
disclosing confidential information.
5. Which of the following scenarios describes "Agency by Estoppel"?
A. An agent works for a principal for free as a volunteer.
B. A principal creates a power of attorney while mentally incapacitated.
C. A principal's actions lead a third party to reasonably believe an agency exists, so the court
prevents the principal from denying it.
D. The law creates an agency out of necessity due to an emergency where the principal is
unavailable.
Rationale: Agency by estoppel is an equitable doctrine. If a principal "holds out" someone as
having authority and a third party relies on that representation to their detriment, the
principal is "estopped" (prevented) from denying the agency relationship.
6. Under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) , eligible employees are entitled to:
A. Unlimited paid leave for vacation.
B. Up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave per year for specified family and medical
reasons.
C. Paid leave to cover jury duty exclusively.
D. A mandatory bonus upon returning from maternity leave.
Rationale: The FMLA applies to employers with 50+ employees and requires up to 12 weeks
of unpaid leave for the birth/adoption of a child, placement of a foster child, caring for a
spouse/child/parent with a serious health condition, or the employee's own serious health
condition.
7. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination based on:
A. Age only.
B. Disability status only.
C. Race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
D. Political affiliation and marital status.
Rationale: Title VII specifically targets discrimination on these five protected characteristics.
Note that "sex" has been interpreted by courts to include pregnancy, sexual harassment, and
LGBTQ+ status. Age is covered by the ADEA, disability by the ADA.
