Class 12 cbse legal studies

1. Judiciary: Structure and hierarchy of the Indian courts.Powers and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and High Courts.Concepts like Judicial Review, Public Interest Litigation (PIL), and Judicial Activism. 2. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)Mechanisms outside traditional courts: Arbitration, Mediation, and Conciliation.The role of Lok Adalats in the Indian legal system. 3. Topics in Law (Substantive Laws)Law of Contract: Essentials of a valid contract, breach, and remedies.Law of Torts: Civil wrongs like negligence, defamation, and strict liability.Law of Property: Transfer of property, mortgages, and leases.Intellectual Property Law: Basic concepts of patents, copyrights, and trademarks.Criminal Laws: Overview of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offences. 4. Human Rights and International LawFundamental Rights and Directive Principles in India.International Law sources and the role of the United Nations.Complaint mechanisms for human rights violations (NHRC and SHRC).5. Legal Profession and ServicesHistory and regulation of the legal profession in India (Advocates Act, 1961).Free legal aid and the framework of NALSA