CYTO311: CYTOGENETICS
WEEK 1: REVIEW OF RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
REVIEW OF RELATED TERMINOLOGIES GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND GENOMES
GENETICS AND GENES 1. Genome – it is the complete set of genetic
instructions characteristic of an organism,
1. Genetics - the study of inherited traits and their including protein-encoding genes and other
variation. DNA sequences.
2. Heredity - the sum of all biological processes 2. Chromosomes – structures that are a product of
by which particular characteristics are transmitted DNA coiling in association with proteins
from parents to their offspring.
Genes, the segment of DNA strand that encodes for
3. Genes - the units of heredity, which is the the production of different proteins, may have
transmission of inherited traits. Genes can be different variants. These are called alleles.
found on the nucleic acid DNA.
THE NUCLEIC ACID
1. DNA – a molecule whose function is to store and
transfer genetic information.
2. RNA – important molecule in protein synthesis.
Both DNA and RNA are polymers of repeating
called nucleotides.
MUTATIONS, PHENOTYPE, AND GENOTYPE
• Alleles are products of mutations.
1. Mutations - defined as any heritable change in
the DNA sequence and are the source of all
genetic variation.
2. Phenotype – observable traits or features of an
organism (alleles that are expressed).
Nucleic Acids 3. Genotype – set of alleles for a given trait carried
- There are four different nucleotides present by an organism (alleles that are present).
in a DNA molecule. The various sequence
combinations of these bases ultimately MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
encode genetic information.
1. Mitosis – a type of cell division in which one
THE RNAs somatic cell give rise to two new ones.
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the 2. Meiosis – cell division involved in the production
instructions for protein synthesis to the sites of of gametes.
protein synthesis.
Terms in genetics can be confusing sometimes…
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – combines with
proteins to form ribosomes.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – RNA that delivers amino
acids to the sites of protein synthesis
1
M.M.
WEEK 1: REVIEW OF RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
REVIEW OF RELATED TERMINOLOGIES GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND GENOMES
GENETICS AND GENES 1. Genome – it is the complete set of genetic
instructions characteristic of an organism,
1. Genetics - the study of inherited traits and their including protein-encoding genes and other
variation. DNA sequences.
2. Heredity - the sum of all biological processes 2. Chromosomes – structures that are a product of
by which particular characteristics are transmitted DNA coiling in association with proteins
from parents to their offspring.
Genes, the segment of DNA strand that encodes for
3. Genes - the units of heredity, which is the the production of different proteins, may have
transmission of inherited traits. Genes can be different variants. These are called alleles.
found on the nucleic acid DNA.
THE NUCLEIC ACID
1. DNA – a molecule whose function is to store and
transfer genetic information.
2. RNA – important molecule in protein synthesis.
Both DNA and RNA are polymers of repeating
called nucleotides.
MUTATIONS, PHENOTYPE, AND GENOTYPE
• Alleles are products of mutations.
1. Mutations - defined as any heritable change in
the DNA sequence and are the source of all
genetic variation.
2. Phenotype – observable traits or features of an
organism (alleles that are expressed).
Nucleic Acids 3. Genotype – set of alleles for a given trait carried
- There are four different nucleotides present by an organism (alleles that are present).
in a DNA molecule. The various sequence
combinations of these bases ultimately MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
encode genetic information.
1. Mitosis – a type of cell division in which one
THE RNAs somatic cell give rise to two new ones.
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the 2. Meiosis – cell division involved in the production
instructions for protein synthesis to the sites of of gametes.
protein synthesis.
Terms in genetics can be confusing sometimes…
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – combines with
proteins to form ribosomes.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – RNA that delivers amino
acids to the sites of protein synthesis
1
M.M.
