NURS401 Exam 3 – Practice Questions and Answers Study Guide
Obj. 1 - correct answer ✔✔Hypertrophy - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by
enlarging each cell.
Hyperplasia - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells.
Neoplasia - any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or
replacement of dead and damaged tissues.
Benign Tumor Cells - correct answer ✔✔(Looks like parent, small nucleus, tightly encapsulated)
-Continuous or inappropriate cell growth
Specific morphology
-Small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio
Specific differentiated functions
-Tight adherence
No migration
Orderly growth
Normal chromosomes(23 pairs)
Malignant/ Cancer Cells - correct answer ✔✔(small roud & doesnt look like parent cell, rapid
cell growth, nucleus LARGE, non adherence (Wonders), migrates, chromosome
broken/aplopoid)
-Rapid or continuous cell division
Anaplasia (lose characteristic of parent cells or normal self)
-Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Specific functions lost
-Loose adherence
-Migration
, No contact inhibition
-Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy)
lost (<23), gained (>23), or broken
Obj 2. Identify cancer types for which primary prevention is possible - correct answer
✔✔involves avoiding exposure to known causes of cancer (tobacco, asbestos, eating healthy
choices, inc fiber, high sex partners, remove moles suspicious, sunscreen, taking vitamin D)...
secondary is early detection
Obj. 3 Compare the cancer development processes of initiation and promotion. - correct answer
✔✔Initiation - Step 1 in carcinogenesis. Exposure to carcinogen which penetrates cell, damage
DNA, and change or mutate the cell. Irreversible, but only leads to cancer if cell division is not
impaired.
Promotion - enhancement of growth of initiated cell. Normal hormones and body proteins, like
insulin and estrogen, can cause altered cells to divide more frequently. Shortens the latency
period. (KNOW-shortened latency)
(Initation penetration cell & damaging DNA= mutating cell. Promotion- growth of
damaged/intiated cell. cause altertered cells to decide for frequently)
Cancer Development..
Progression & Metastasis - correct answer ✔✔Progression - increasing malignancy over time. To
become a health problem, tumor must develop it's own blood supply: TAF; less resemblance to
original initiator, increasing malignancy.
Metastasis - breaks away from primary location and establishing remote colonies
Metastasis stepwise progression - correct answer ✔✔Extension into surrounding tissues
Blood vessel penetration
Release of tumor cells
Invasion
Local seeding
Obj. 1 - correct answer ✔✔Hypertrophy - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by
enlarging each cell.
Hyperplasia - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells.
Neoplasia - any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or
replacement of dead and damaged tissues.
Benign Tumor Cells - correct answer ✔✔(Looks like parent, small nucleus, tightly encapsulated)
-Continuous or inappropriate cell growth
Specific morphology
-Small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio
Specific differentiated functions
-Tight adherence
No migration
Orderly growth
Normal chromosomes(23 pairs)
Malignant/ Cancer Cells - correct answer ✔✔(small roud & doesnt look like parent cell, rapid
cell growth, nucleus LARGE, non adherence (Wonders), migrates, chromosome
broken/aplopoid)
-Rapid or continuous cell division
Anaplasia (lose characteristic of parent cells or normal self)
-Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Specific functions lost
-Loose adherence
-Migration
, No contact inhibition
-Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy)
lost (<23), gained (>23), or broken
Obj 2. Identify cancer types for which primary prevention is possible - correct answer
✔✔involves avoiding exposure to known causes of cancer (tobacco, asbestos, eating healthy
choices, inc fiber, high sex partners, remove moles suspicious, sunscreen, taking vitamin D)...
secondary is early detection
Obj. 3 Compare the cancer development processes of initiation and promotion. - correct answer
✔✔Initiation - Step 1 in carcinogenesis. Exposure to carcinogen which penetrates cell, damage
DNA, and change or mutate the cell. Irreversible, but only leads to cancer if cell division is not
impaired.
Promotion - enhancement of growth of initiated cell. Normal hormones and body proteins, like
insulin and estrogen, can cause altered cells to divide more frequently. Shortens the latency
period. (KNOW-shortened latency)
(Initation penetration cell & damaging DNA= mutating cell. Promotion- growth of
damaged/intiated cell. cause altertered cells to decide for frequently)
Cancer Development..
Progression & Metastasis - correct answer ✔✔Progression - increasing malignancy over time. To
become a health problem, tumor must develop it's own blood supply: TAF; less resemblance to
original initiator, increasing malignancy.
Metastasis - breaks away from primary location and establishing remote colonies
Metastasis stepwise progression - correct answer ✔✔Extension into surrounding tissues
Blood vessel penetration
Release of tumor cells
Invasion
Local seeding
