MMSC 407 Exam 3 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
lipids - CORRECT ANSWER - macromolecules that serve as hormones, energy sources, structural
elements and function in digestion
-cholesterol
-fatty acids
-acylglycerols (triglycerides, phospholipids)
-prostaglandins, sphingolipids & terpenes
lipoproteins - CORRECT ANSWER - proteins that transport lipids around the body
-chylomicrons
-VLDL
-LDL
-HDL
-lipoprotein A
lipemia - CORRECT ANSWER - excessive amount of fat present in the blood causes the
serum/plasma of a blood sample to appear a milky white color rather than a translucent clear or pale
yellow
atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER - a build up of fatty plaques on the inner lumen of the artery
walls, narrowing the diameter of the artery and leading to compromised blood flow
-decreased diameter of the arterial lumen leads to a smaller area for blood to travel through, and increased
pressure on blood traveling through the space
-associated with many cardiovascular diseases
cardiovascular diseases - CORRECT ANSWER - diseases that are caused by compromised blood
flow related to atherosclerosis
,-myocardial infarction: arteries that are feeding the heart tissue are reduced in size and heart muscle is not
given sufficient blood
-cerebrovascular disease: arteries feeding the brain are compromised by atherosclerosis and decrease the
blood flow to the brain
-peripheral vascular disease: arteries to the arms or legs are compromised by atherosclerosis and
compromises blood flow to the extremities
lipid characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER - -soluble in organic solutions
-insoluble in water
-contain nonpolar C-H bonds
-lipids that contain polar groups (phospolipids and cholesterols) will show amphipathic attraction to both
water and organic solutions
saturated fatty acid - CORRECT ANSWER - contain all single bonds
-completely covered in H's
-flexible and freely rotating bonds
unsaturated fatty acid - CORRECT ANSWER - contains 1 or more double bond
-does not contain the maximum number of H's possible
-mono or poly depending on the number of double bonds
-fixed bend points in the chain caused by the double bonds
cholesterol and triglyceride dietary absorption - CORRECT ANSWER - -triglycerides absorbed
very efficiently, cholesterol is not absorbed that efficiently
-emulsification: lipids in the small intestine encounter pancreatic lipase that breaks triglycerides inte
pieces (monoglycerides, glycerol and FA's), cholesterol esters are made into soluble free cholesterol
-formation of micelles: free lipid components that were broken down are packed into micelles that contain
free cholesterol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids and bile acids
-absorption: micelles come into contact with villi and microvilli of the intestine, once inside of the
intestinal cells the lipids reform into triglycerides
, -chylomicron formation: micelles are packaged with triglycerides, phospholipids and apolipoprotein B44
to form a chylomicron
-secretion into lymph: chylomicrons are secreted through the lymph capillary inside of the microvilli and
enter lymphatic circulation
-lipids are delivered to the liver and tissues
cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWER - unsaturated steroid alcohol composed of 4 rings, a C-H side
chain and a polar OH group that faces outward
-the OH group makes the lipid amphipathic
-is present in the phospholipid bilayer of all cells
-synthesized endogenously in animals
-cannot be used for energy, but still important in the body for structural roles in the cell membrane
cholesterol synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER - complex process that occurs in all cells (mainly
liver and intestine cells)
-requires the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase
-process can be inhibited by the stain drug family
HMG CoA reductase - CORRECT ANSWER - enzyme that is inhibited by the statin family of
drugs
-inhibits the intracellular cholesterol pathway
cholesterol esterification - CORRECT ANSWER - the process of forming cholesterol esters
-occurs during intracellular cholesterol transport and reverse cholesterol transport
-when the process occurs inside of cells the cholesterol ester produced are stored as intracellular lipid
drops
-when the process occurs in the plasma, the cholesterol esters bind to HDL
cholesterol catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER - occurs at the end of reverse cholesterol transport
-cholesterol is returned to the liver where it is made into bile acids that get absorbed in the small intestine
Questions and CORRECT Answers
lipids - CORRECT ANSWER - macromolecules that serve as hormones, energy sources, structural
elements and function in digestion
-cholesterol
-fatty acids
-acylglycerols (triglycerides, phospholipids)
-prostaglandins, sphingolipids & terpenes
lipoproteins - CORRECT ANSWER - proteins that transport lipids around the body
-chylomicrons
-VLDL
-LDL
-HDL
-lipoprotein A
lipemia - CORRECT ANSWER - excessive amount of fat present in the blood causes the
serum/plasma of a blood sample to appear a milky white color rather than a translucent clear or pale
yellow
atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER - a build up of fatty plaques on the inner lumen of the artery
walls, narrowing the diameter of the artery and leading to compromised blood flow
-decreased diameter of the arterial lumen leads to a smaller area for blood to travel through, and increased
pressure on blood traveling through the space
-associated with many cardiovascular diseases
cardiovascular diseases - CORRECT ANSWER - diseases that are caused by compromised blood
flow related to atherosclerosis
,-myocardial infarction: arteries that are feeding the heart tissue are reduced in size and heart muscle is not
given sufficient blood
-cerebrovascular disease: arteries feeding the brain are compromised by atherosclerosis and decrease the
blood flow to the brain
-peripheral vascular disease: arteries to the arms or legs are compromised by atherosclerosis and
compromises blood flow to the extremities
lipid characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER - -soluble in organic solutions
-insoluble in water
-contain nonpolar C-H bonds
-lipids that contain polar groups (phospolipids and cholesterols) will show amphipathic attraction to both
water and organic solutions
saturated fatty acid - CORRECT ANSWER - contain all single bonds
-completely covered in H's
-flexible and freely rotating bonds
unsaturated fatty acid - CORRECT ANSWER - contains 1 or more double bond
-does not contain the maximum number of H's possible
-mono or poly depending on the number of double bonds
-fixed bend points in the chain caused by the double bonds
cholesterol and triglyceride dietary absorption - CORRECT ANSWER - -triglycerides absorbed
very efficiently, cholesterol is not absorbed that efficiently
-emulsification: lipids in the small intestine encounter pancreatic lipase that breaks triglycerides inte
pieces (monoglycerides, glycerol and FA's), cholesterol esters are made into soluble free cholesterol
-formation of micelles: free lipid components that were broken down are packed into micelles that contain
free cholesterol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids and bile acids
-absorption: micelles come into contact with villi and microvilli of the intestine, once inside of the
intestinal cells the lipids reform into triglycerides
, -chylomicron formation: micelles are packaged with triglycerides, phospholipids and apolipoprotein B44
to form a chylomicron
-secretion into lymph: chylomicrons are secreted through the lymph capillary inside of the microvilli and
enter lymphatic circulation
-lipids are delivered to the liver and tissues
cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWER - unsaturated steroid alcohol composed of 4 rings, a C-H side
chain and a polar OH group that faces outward
-the OH group makes the lipid amphipathic
-is present in the phospholipid bilayer of all cells
-synthesized endogenously in animals
-cannot be used for energy, but still important in the body for structural roles in the cell membrane
cholesterol synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER - complex process that occurs in all cells (mainly
liver and intestine cells)
-requires the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase
-process can be inhibited by the stain drug family
HMG CoA reductase - CORRECT ANSWER - enzyme that is inhibited by the statin family of
drugs
-inhibits the intracellular cholesterol pathway
cholesterol esterification - CORRECT ANSWER - the process of forming cholesterol esters
-occurs during intracellular cholesterol transport and reverse cholesterol transport
-when the process occurs inside of cells the cholesterol ester produced are stored as intracellular lipid
drops
-when the process occurs in the plasma, the cholesterol esters bind to HDL
cholesterol catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER - occurs at the end of reverse cholesterol transport
-cholesterol is returned to the liver where it is made into bile acids that get absorbed in the small intestine
