1) rupturing them to release nutrients inside them
2) breaking down nutrients inside the cell for their own use. This starves and eventually
kills the cell.
3) replicating inside the cells and bursting them when they're released
Give this one a try later!
What are the three ways a pathogen can damage hosts cells?
inspiration:
1) the intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract.
2) this causes the ribcage to move upwards and downwards and the diaphragm to flatten
increasing the volume of the throax
3) As the volume of the throax increases, the lung pressure decreases.
4) This causes air to flow into the lungs. Inspiration requires energy.
,Expiration:
1) The intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax
2) the ribcage moves downwards and inwards and the diaphragm becomes curved again
3) the thorax volume decreases, causing the air pressure to increase
4) air is forced out of the lungs. it doesnt require energy.
Give this one a try later!
Describe what happens in inspiration and expiration in the lungs.
1) production of toxins
2) cell damage
Give this one a try later!
What are the two ways pathogens cause disease?
1) All enzymes have an optimum PH value
2) Above and below the optimum PH, the H + and OH - ions can mess up the ionic and
hydrogen bonds that hold the enzymes tertiary structure in place.
3) The active site changes shape, so the enzyme is denatured
Give this one a try later!
Explain the effect of PH on enzymes
, 1) A phagocyte recognises the antigens on a pathogene
2) The cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves round the pathogen, engulfing it.
3) The pathogen is now contained in a vacuole or a vesicle in the cytoplasm of the
phagocyte.
4) A lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole and the lytic enzymes break down with
the pathogen
5) The phagocyte presents the pathogens antigens, it sticks the antigens on its surface to
activate other immune system cells.
Give this one a try later!
Explain the process of phagocytosis.
1) The application area contains antibodies for hCG bound to a coloured bead
2) when urine is applied to the application area any hCG will bind to the antibody on the
beads, forming an antigen-antibody complex.
3) the urine moves up the stick to the test strip, carrying any beads with it
4) the test strip contains antibodies to hCG that are stuck in place.
5) if there is hCG present the test strip turns blue because the immobilised antibody
binds to any hCG. if no hCG is present, the beads will pass through the test area without
binding to anything so it won't go blue.
Give this one a try later!
how do monoclonal cells work in pregnancy tests?
2) breaking down nutrients inside the cell for their own use. This starves and eventually
kills the cell.
3) replicating inside the cells and bursting them when they're released
Give this one a try later!
What are the three ways a pathogen can damage hosts cells?
inspiration:
1) the intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract.
2) this causes the ribcage to move upwards and downwards and the diaphragm to flatten
increasing the volume of the throax
3) As the volume of the throax increases, the lung pressure decreases.
4) This causes air to flow into the lungs. Inspiration requires energy.
,Expiration:
1) The intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax
2) the ribcage moves downwards and inwards and the diaphragm becomes curved again
3) the thorax volume decreases, causing the air pressure to increase
4) air is forced out of the lungs. it doesnt require energy.
Give this one a try later!
Describe what happens in inspiration and expiration in the lungs.
1) production of toxins
2) cell damage
Give this one a try later!
What are the two ways pathogens cause disease?
1) All enzymes have an optimum PH value
2) Above and below the optimum PH, the H + and OH - ions can mess up the ionic and
hydrogen bonds that hold the enzymes tertiary structure in place.
3) The active site changes shape, so the enzyme is denatured
Give this one a try later!
Explain the effect of PH on enzymes
, 1) A phagocyte recognises the antigens on a pathogene
2) The cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves round the pathogen, engulfing it.
3) The pathogen is now contained in a vacuole or a vesicle in the cytoplasm of the
phagocyte.
4) A lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole and the lytic enzymes break down with
the pathogen
5) The phagocyte presents the pathogens antigens, it sticks the antigens on its surface to
activate other immune system cells.
Give this one a try later!
Explain the process of phagocytosis.
1) The application area contains antibodies for hCG bound to a coloured bead
2) when urine is applied to the application area any hCG will bind to the antibody on the
beads, forming an antigen-antibody complex.
3) the urine moves up the stick to the test strip, carrying any beads with it
4) the test strip contains antibodies to hCG that are stuck in place.
5) if there is hCG present the test strip turns blue because the immobilised antibody
binds to any hCG. if no hCG is present, the beads will pass through the test area without
binding to anything so it won't go blue.
Give this one a try later!
how do monoclonal cells work in pregnancy tests?
