NRSG 1030 Exam 4 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Sodium range 135-145 mEq/L
potassium range 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
calcium range 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
phosphate range 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
magnesium range 1.6-2.6 mEq/dl
Chloride range 95-105 mEq/L
sodium functions water balance, acid-base balance, muscle action, nerve transmission,
influences chloride,
what regulates sodium? aldosterone and ADH
hyponatremia sodium in the blood is abnormally low, but no fluid volume deficit
s/s of hyponatremia headache, altered LOC, seizures, fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea/vomiting,
frequent urination, colorless urine, fluid in lungs, edema
causes of hyponatremia excess IV hypotonic fluid, loss of GI fluids, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency,
inappropriate ADH, too much insulin, hyperglycemia
hyperhydration/water intoxication excessive amounts of water ingested in short amount of time without
electrolytes, causing hyponatremia
interventions for hyponatremia treat the cause, neuro checks, restrict fluids, increase oral sodium intake
early vs late signs and symptoms for hyponatremia early: neuromuscular late: neurologic
hypernatremia causes excessive na intake, increased water loss, burns, hyperventilation, hypertonic
tube feeding
hypernatremia s/s NEURO. thirst, elevated temp, dry mouth and sticky mucous membranes,
disorientation, hallucinations, irritability, lethargy, seizure
hypernatremia nursing interventions neuro checks, increase water intake, weight, I/O, HYPOtonic IV solution
potassium function directly affects cardiac muscle contraction, aids in neuromuscular transmission
of nerve impulses
hypokalemia causes diuretics, GI fluid loss, steroids, hyperaldosteronism, vomiting and diarrhea
, hypokalemia s/s fatigue, anorexia, n/v, muscle weakness, decreased GI motility, dysrhythmias,
paresthesia, flat t-wave, leg cramps
hypokalemia nursing interventions call MD STAT <2.5, prevent arrythmias/resp distress, oral supplements, slow IV,
foods
hyperkalemia causes renal failure, potassium sparing diuretics, uncontrolled diabetes, burns,
acidosis, trauma
hyperkalemia s/s muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, intestinal colic, tall t-wave, ventricular
arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, diarrhea
hyperkalemia nursing interventions monitor ECG, restrict K+ intake, dialysis, treat underlying cause
what will you administer in hyperkalemia and why? insulin to move potassium back into the cells, using Na/K pump, removing from
blood
calcium functions bone health, neuromuscular and cardiac function, blood clotting, regulates
muscle contractions, SEDATIVE on neuromuscular system
hypocalcemia causes hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, diarrhea, renal failure, vit D deficiency
hypocalcemia s/s C.A.T.S.
C - Convulsions
A- Arrhythmias
T - Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles)
S - Spasms and stridor
positive trousseau's and chvostek's signs
hypocalcemia nursing interventions I&O, increase calcium intake, vitamin D, monitor airway, seizure precautions
hypercalcemia causes hyperparathyroidism (high PTH), bone disease, prolonged immobilization, low
vitamin D
hypercalcemia s/s kidney stones, muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, n/v, polyuria and
polydipsia, bone pain, bizarre behavior, bradycardia
hypercalcemia nursing interventions I&O, fluid intake to prevent stone formation, fiber to prevent constipation,
eliminate calcium intake, maybe dialysis, WEAKNESS
magnesium function nerve and muscle function, immune system, steady heartbeat, bone strength,
blood pressure
hypomagnesemia causes chronic alcoholism, malabsorption, DKA, GI fluid loss, malnourishment
hypomagnesemia s/s neuromuscular irritability, disorientation, mood change, dysrhythmias, tremors,
tetany, chvostek's and trousseau's, increased sensitivity to digitalis
hypomagnesemia nursing interventions encourage magnesium intake, avoid alcohol, seizure precautions, monitor deep
tendon reflexes, monitor cardiac
CORRECT Answers
Sodium range 135-145 mEq/L
potassium range 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
calcium range 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
phosphate range 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
magnesium range 1.6-2.6 mEq/dl
Chloride range 95-105 mEq/L
sodium functions water balance, acid-base balance, muscle action, nerve transmission,
influences chloride,
what regulates sodium? aldosterone and ADH
hyponatremia sodium in the blood is abnormally low, but no fluid volume deficit
s/s of hyponatremia headache, altered LOC, seizures, fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea/vomiting,
frequent urination, colorless urine, fluid in lungs, edema
causes of hyponatremia excess IV hypotonic fluid, loss of GI fluids, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency,
inappropriate ADH, too much insulin, hyperglycemia
hyperhydration/water intoxication excessive amounts of water ingested in short amount of time without
electrolytes, causing hyponatremia
interventions for hyponatremia treat the cause, neuro checks, restrict fluids, increase oral sodium intake
early vs late signs and symptoms for hyponatremia early: neuromuscular late: neurologic
hypernatremia causes excessive na intake, increased water loss, burns, hyperventilation, hypertonic
tube feeding
hypernatremia s/s NEURO. thirst, elevated temp, dry mouth and sticky mucous membranes,
disorientation, hallucinations, irritability, lethargy, seizure
hypernatremia nursing interventions neuro checks, increase water intake, weight, I/O, HYPOtonic IV solution
potassium function directly affects cardiac muscle contraction, aids in neuromuscular transmission
of nerve impulses
hypokalemia causes diuretics, GI fluid loss, steroids, hyperaldosteronism, vomiting and diarrhea
, hypokalemia s/s fatigue, anorexia, n/v, muscle weakness, decreased GI motility, dysrhythmias,
paresthesia, flat t-wave, leg cramps
hypokalemia nursing interventions call MD STAT <2.5, prevent arrythmias/resp distress, oral supplements, slow IV,
foods
hyperkalemia causes renal failure, potassium sparing diuretics, uncontrolled diabetes, burns,
acidosis, trauma
hyperkalemia s/s muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, intestinal colic, tall t-wave, ventricular
arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, diarrhea
hyperkalemia nursing interventions monitor ECG, restrict K+ intake, dialysis, treat underlying cause
what will you administer in hyperkalemia and why? insulin to move potassium back into the cells, using Na/K pump, removing from
blood
calcium functions bone health, neuromuscular and cardiac function, blood clotting, regulates
muscle contractions, SEDATIVE on neuromuscular system
hypocalcemia causes hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, diarrhea, renal failure, vit D deficiency
hypocalcemia s/s C.A.T.S.
C - Convulsions
A- Arrhythmias
T - Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles)
S - Spasms and stridor
positive trousseau's and chvostek's signs
hypocalcemia nursing interventions I&O, increase calcium intake, vitamin D, monitor airway, seizure precautions
hypercalcemia causes hyperparathyroidism (high PTH), bone disease, prolonged immobilization, low
vitamin D
hypercalcemia s/s kidney stones, muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, n/v, polyuria and
polydipsia, bone pain, bizarre behavior, bradycardia
hypercalcemia nursing interventions I&O, fluid intake to prevent stone formation, fiber to prevent constipation,
eliminate calcium intake, maybe dialysis, WEAKNESS
magnesium function nerve and muscle function, immune system, steady heartbeat, bone strength,
blood pressure
hypomagnesemia causes chronic alcoholism, malabsorption, DKA, GI fluid loss, malnourishment
hypomagnesemia s/s neuromuscular irritability, disorientation, mood change, dysrhythmias, tremors,
tetany, chvostek's and trousseau's, increased sensitivity to digitalis
hypomagnesemia nursing interventions encourage magnesium intake, avoid alcohol, seizure precautions, monitor deep
tendon reflexes, monitor cardiac
