NBME Anatomy & Embryology study set questions with answers

NBME Anatomy & Embryology study |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




set questions with answers
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Lumbar puncture and epidural anesthesia - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔The needle enters the subarachnoid space |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or to inject anesthetic
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to epidural space (not as deep into the spinal cord).
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Needle is usually btw L3/4 or L4/5- thru the upper points
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of the iliac crests. In children the spinal cord ends at L3.
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The dural sac extends to the level of S2.
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Herniated disc - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Normally |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



happens in the lumbar or cervical regions of individuals
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younger than age 50 (the lower regions of those 2 areas).
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Patients have a history of back pain that radiates to the
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lower limb- begins soon after heavy lifting. The disc will
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compress the nerve root 1 number below the disc. The |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



lower limb reflexes are decreased on the affected side.
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Patellar tendon reflex - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Herniation
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of discs L2/3 or L3/4.
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Achilles tendon reflex - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Herniation
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of discs L5/S1.
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,Anulus fibrosus - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The tough
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cartilagenous ring (fibrocartilage) surrounding the nucleus |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



pulposus that's supposed to stop it from herniating
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backwards.


Nucleus pulposus - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔In the middle
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of the intervertebral discs. The remnant of the notochord
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that is used to absorb the shock of compression or
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torsion. Can be herniated out of place. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




Kyphosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Exaggerated curve of |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



the thoracic spine that may occur in elderly persons as a
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result of osteoporosis. Presents as rounded shoulders/a
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back hump. |\




Lordosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔An exaggeration of the
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lumbar curvature that may be temporary and occurs as a
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result of pregnancy, spondylolisthesis or potbelly.
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Presents as a very curved in lower back. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




Scoliosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A complex lateral |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



deviation or torsion of the spine that is caused by |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



poliomyelitis, a leg-length discrepancy or hip disease. The |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



spine is unnaturally curved.
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,Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus... - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔Could hurt the axillary nerve and posterior|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



humeral circumflex artery, both of wrap around the neck.
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Fracture of the midshaft of the humerus... - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔Affect the origin of the brachialis muscle |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



and can also hurt the radial nerve and profunda brachii
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artery.


Fracture of the supracondylar part of the humerus... -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Could hurt the brachial artery and|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



median nerve.
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Fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus... -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Could hurt the ulnar nerve, which |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



runs right through that area.
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Smith's fracture - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Results from a
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fall or a low on the dorsal aspect of the flexed wrist and
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produces a ventral angulation of the wrist. The distal
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fragments of the radius are anteriorly displaced- the wrist
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part has moved down and the radius has moved
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upwards.


Colle's fracture - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Results from
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forced extension of the hand, usually as a result of trying
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, to ease a fall by outstretching the upper limb. Distal
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fragment of the wrist is displaced dorsally- dinner fork
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deformity. The wrist part moves towards the dorsal side |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



and the radius moves towards the ventral side. Often the
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ulnar styloid process is avulced/broken off.
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Scaphoid fracture - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Occurs as a |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



result of a fall onto the palm when the hand is abducted.
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Pain occurs primarily on the lateral side of the wrist
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(anatomical position), especially during wrist extension |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



and abduction. May not show right away on a X-ray, but
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there will be deep tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox.
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The proximal fragment may undergo avascular necrosis
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because blood supply is interrupted- the radial artery.
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Boxer's fracture - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Necks of the
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metacarpal bones are frequently fractured during |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



fistfights. Metacarpals 2/3 in professional fighters and
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metacarpals 4/5 in unskilled fighters. |\ |\ |\ |\




Mallet or baseball finger - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔This
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deformity is when the distal inter-phalange joint is |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



suddenly forced into extreme flexion (hyperflexion)- curls
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upwards to far. Happens when a finger is jammed into the
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base pad in baseball. These actions avulse the
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attachment of the extensor digitorum tendon to the base |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\



of the distal phalanx. The person cannot extends the DIP
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joint.