NR 546 psychopharmacology midterm EXAM A+ GRADE ASSURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS

EXAM

Exam Solution ms




NR546 Psychopharmacology Week 7 2026 A+ GRADE A ms ms ms ms ms ms ms




SSURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWE ms ms ms ms ms




RS (45154) ms




QUESTION 1 ms




Which neurotransmitters play a role in Attention-
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deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? ms ms




ANSWER

Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) play a role in the symptoms and treatment of ADHD.
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QUESTION 2 ms




When is ADHD typically diagnosed?
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ANSWER

ADHD is typically diagnosed in childhood, many individuals experience symptoms into adolescence a
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nd adulthood.
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QUESTION 3 ms




Symptoms of ADHD ms ms




ANSWER

-
ADHD symptoms typically start before the age of 12, though symptoms may begin to appear as earl
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y as 3 years of age. -
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ADHD presents as a constellation of symptoms related to attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. -
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Symptoms related to attention usually develop 2-
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4 years after the emergence of hyperactive symptoms in childhood.
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QUESTION 4 ms

, Neurological Basis: Genetics ms ms




ANSWER

Genetics plays an important role in the development of ADHD. The major genes implicated in ADHD
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are those linked to DA, though the α2A-
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adrenergic receptor, serotonin receptors, among others. Family and twin studies indicate a heritabilit
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y of up to 88%. Adoption studies reinforce the genetic component of ADHD.
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Other risk factors for ADHD include: - premature birth - low birth weight -
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maternal stress during pregnancy - prenatal substance exposure, including tobacco -
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adverse childhood environmental factors - psychosocial stress - inconsistent parenting practices
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QUESTION 5 ms




Neurological Basis: Neuroanatomy ms ms




ANSWER

Specific ADHD symptoms may arise from abnormalities within circuits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC),
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which affect executive function.
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QUESTION 6 ms




Neurological Basis: Neural Networks ms ms ms




ANSWER

- According to Stahl, symptoms often become noticeable at about 6-
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7 years of age, possibly due to abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex circuits or errors in the synapt
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ic pruning process. - Both selective and sustained attention are modulated by the corticostriatal-
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thalamocortical (CSTC) loop, the same loop that is associated with anxiety. -
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ADHD is an alternative diagnosis to consider when clients present with anxiety symptoms.
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QUESTION 7 ms




Neurological Basis: Neural Signaling ms ms ms




ANSWER

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Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) are associated with inefficient information processing in t
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he prefrontal circuits. Rather than a deficiency, Stahl posits that NE and DA are "out of tune." -
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Agents that can increase the firing of both DA and NE may help increase prefrontal activity. -
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ADHD medications commonly target both dopamine and norepinephrine. Stimulants, including stimu
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lant medications, caffeine, and nicotine enhance DA release and arousal.
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QUESTION 8 ms