MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Normal cells
growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔healthy cell
,Examples of Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Skin
Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔indicates cancer
and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in
death
Malignant cell features - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Large
nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o
C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
,o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Repeated
exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Increase in
production of malignant cells
Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cells move from
primary site to the rest of the body
, Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔cancer development
Cancer classification - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Looking under
microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of
cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Number of chromosomes
Staging - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔How large is the
primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o T-Tumor (How large is
primary or 2nd)
ANSWERS
Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Normal cells
growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔healthy cell
,Examples of Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Skin
Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔indicates cancer
and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in
death
Malignant cell features - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Large
nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o
C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
,o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - CORRECT
ANSWERS ✔✔o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Repeated
exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Increase in
production of malignant cells
Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cells move from
primary site to the rest of the body
, Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔cancer development
Cancer classification - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Looking under
microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of
cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Number of chromosomes
Staging - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔How large is the
primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔o T-Tumor (How large is
primary or 2nd)
