NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
with answers
Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years
ago. Brian now competes in long-distance cycling events
and considers himself to be an endurance athlete who is
in the "best shape of his life." An echocardiogram reveals
a slightly enlarged left ventricle. What cellular change or
injury that is best exemplified by the case scenario. -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Physiologic hypertrophy
An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to
extensive exercise, whereby the heart will create new
blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and there is
increased mitochondria, ATP, and actin/myosin filaments
in the muscle.
Recently, Karen learned that not only does HIV directly
attack CD4 cells, but the presence of the virus seems to
activate pathways responsible for programmed cell death
in CD4 cells. Thus, HIV infection appears to increase the
rate of "suicide" for CD4 cells. - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Apoptosis
Define dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Compared to
normal cells, cells demonstrating dysplasia are atypical in
,size and shape. Dysplasia does not mean the cells are
cancerous. However, some screening tests, such as the
Pap smear, examine tissues to determine if any cellular
changes are taking place. Any changes in the cells can
then be monitored over time.
A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted on Leann, a 48-
year-old woman. Biopsy results revealed proliferating
cells that were well-differentiated and resembled
surrounding cells. The cells were contained within a well-
defined area. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Benign neoplasia.
Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth.
The mass of tissue resulting is known as a "neoplasm." In
a benign neoplasm, the cells do not have the
characteristics associated with malignancy. The cells,
although cancerous, are well-differentiated, meaning they
resemble normal, mature cells. The cells are also in a
contained area and are unlikely to spread.
Miguel, a retired warehouse supervisor, had a myocardial
infarction. Further evaluation revealed he had significant
blockage in his left descending coronary artery. The
blockage resulted in ischemia and cell death for those
cells served by the artery. - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Necrosis
, Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell injury.
Necrosis differs from apoptosis, in that the cellular
destruction results from some form of trauma, rather than
genetic programming. May lead to GANGRENE which is
when dead tissue houses bacteria.
Julianne, who suffers from familial hypercholesterolemia,
presents with xanthomas. Xanthomas are excess
cholesterol deposits, which appear as yellow skin lesions.
What cell process is this - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Intracellular accumulation.
Some disease processes stimulate intracellular
accumulations of particles, such as calcium, cholesterol,
and triglycerides, glucose, among other substances. In
familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect causes
decreased cellular uptake of cholesterol, resulting in high
serum cholesterol levels. Cholesterol deposits, known as
xanthomas, may appear to form under the skin.
Janae experienced a frightening ATV accident, in which
her ATV flipped over and she ended up catching a portion
of her upper arm on a barbed wire fence. Although
Janae's injuries healed fully, enlarged, keloid scar
formations remain at the injury site. - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Hyperplasia
with answers
Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years
ago. Brian now competes in long-distance cycling events
and considers himself to be an endurance athlete who is
in the "best shape of his life." An echocardiogram reveals
a slightly enlarged left ventricle. What cellular change or
injury that is best exemplified by the case scenario. -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Physiologic hypertrophy
An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to
extensive exercise, whereby the heart will create new
blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and there is
increased mitochondria, ATP, and actin/myosin filaments
in the muscle.
Recently, Karen learned that not only does HIV directly
attack CD4 cells, but the presence of the virus seems to
activate pathways responsible for programmed cell death
in CD4 cells. Thus, HIV infection appears to increase the
rate of "suicide" for CD4 cells. - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Apoptosis
Define dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Compared to
normal cells, cells demonstrating dysplasia are atypical in
,size and shape. Dysplasia does not mean the cells are
cancerous. However, some screening tests, such as the
Pap smear, examine tissues to determine if any cellular
changes are taking place. Any changes in the cells can
then be monitored over time.
A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted on Leann, a 48-
year-old woman. Biopsy results revealed proliferating
cells that were well-differentiated and resembled
surrounding cells. The cells were contained within a well-
defined area. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Benign neoplasia.
Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth.
The mass of tissue resulting is known as a "neoplasm." In
a benign neoplasm, the cells do not have the
characteristics associated with malignancy. The cells,
although cancerous, are well-differentiated, meaning they
resemble normal, mature cells. The cells are also in a
contained area and are unlikely to spread.
Miguel, a retired warehouse supervisor, had a myocardial
infarction. Further evaluation revealed he had significant
blockage in his left descending coronary artery. The
blockage resulted in ischemia and cell death for those
cells served by the artery. - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Necrosis
, Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell injury.
Necrosis differs from apoptosis, in that the cellular
destruction results from some form of trauma, rather than
genetic programming. May lead to GANGRENE which is
when dead tissue houses bacteria.
Julianne, who suffers from familial hypercholesterolemia,
presents with xanthomas. Xanthomas are excess
cholesterol deposits, which appear as yellow skin lesions.
What cell process is this - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Intracellular accumulation.
Some disease processes stimulate intracellular
accumulations of particles, such as calcium, cholesterol,
and triglycerides, glucose, among other substances. In
familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect causes
decreased cellular uptake of cholesterol, resulting in high
serum cholesterol levels. Cholesterol deposits, known as
xanthomas, may appear to form under the skin.
Janae experienced a frightening ATV accident, in which
her ATV flipped over and she ended up catching a portion
of her upper arm on a barbed wire fence. Although
Janae's injuries healed fully, enlarged, keloid scar
formations remain at the injury site. - CORRECT ANSWERS
✔✔Hyperplasia
