NSG 211 Exam 3 Study Guide UPDATED ACTUAL Questions
and CORRECT Answers
benign tumors -grow slowly
-well-defined boarders
-don't invade nearby tissues
-doesn't metastasize
-closely resembles the tissue of the organ
-usually not life-threatening unless on vital organs
malignant tumors -grow rapidly and uncontrollably (proliferate)
-poorly defined and invasive boarders
-invade and destroy nearby tissues
-can metastasize to distant organs through blood or the lymphatic system
-doesn't resemble the tissue of the organ
-life-threatening
hypervolemia expansion of extracellular volume involving the interstitial or vascular space
etiology of hypervolemia -excessive fluid intake
-kidney failure
-heart failure
-liver cirrhosis
clinical manifestations of hypervolemia -edema
-weight gain
-hypertension
-bounding pulse
-shortness of breath
-jugular vein distention
hypovolemia fluid deficit in the body
etiology of hypovolemia -dehydration
-bleeding
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-burns
clinical manifestations of hypovolemia -thirst
-dry mucus membranes
-weight loss
-flatted neck veins
-diminished turgor
-prolonged capillary refill time
-decreased urine output
-increased HR
-decreased BP
-altered level of consciousness
cause of respiratory acidosis -the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide
-leading to increased acidity in the blood
-often due to conditions like COPD or respiratory failure
, effects of respiratory acidosis -increased CO₂ and decreased pH
-hypoventilation (increase in CO2 retention which increases HCO3 retention)
-pH: <7.35
-CO2: > 45 mmHG
causes of respiratory alkaosis -excessive breathing (hyperventilation)
-resulting in decreased carbon dioxide levels and increased blood pH
-often due to anxiety or high altitude
effects of respiratory alkalosis -decreased CO₂ and increased pH
-hyperventilation (CO2 excretion increase which increases HCO3 excretion
-pH: > 7.45
CO2: < 35 mmHG
causes of metabolic acidosis the body produces too much acid or the kidneys are not removing enough
acid, leading to a decrease in blood pH
-ex. diabetic ketoacidosis
effects of metabolic acidosis -HCO₃ and decreased pH
-increased production of nonvolatile acids, decreased secretion of acids,
increased loss of bicarbonate, increase in Cl
pH: <7.35
HCO3: <22 mEq/L
clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis -decreased HR
-flushed skin
-anorexia
-nausea
-vomiting
-weakness
-lethargy
-confusion
-coma
causes of metabolic alkalosis increase in blood pH due to excessive loss of acid or increased bicarbonate
-ex. vomiting, antacid overuse
effects of metabolic alkalosis -increased HCO and increased pH
-plasma (decreased H+, Increased HCO3- ions and loss of Cl- ions)
-asymptomatic, signs could relate to hypokalemia and hypocalcemia
-pH >7.45
-HCO3 >26 mEq/L
ROME respiratory opposite metabolic equal
ABG test measures the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and the pH of the blood,
helping to assess respiratory and metabolic function
respiratory paCO2 abnormal and opposite direction of pH
metabolic HCO3 is abnormal and equal/same as pH = metabolic
and CORRECT Answers
benign tumors -grow slowly
-well-defined boarders
-don't invade nearby tissues
-doesn't metastasize
-closely resembles the tissue of the organ
-usually not life-threatening unless on vital organs
malignant tumors -grow rapidly and uncontrollably (proliferate)
-poorly defined and invasive boarders
-invade and destroy nearby tissues
-can metastasize to distant organs through blood or the lymphatic system
-doesn't resemble the tissue of the organ
-life-threatening
hypervolemia expansion of extracellular volume involving the interstitial or vascular space
etiology of hypervolemia -excessive fluid intake
-kidney failure
-heart failure
-liver cirrhosis
clinical manifestations of hypervolemia -edema
-weight gain
-hypertension
-bounding pulse
-shortness of breath
-jugular vein distention
hypovolemia fluid deficit in the body
etiology of hypovolemia -dehydration
-bleeding
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-burns
clinical manifestations of hypovolemia -thirst
-dry mucus membranes
-weight loss
-flatted neck veins
-diminished turgor
-prolonged capillary refill time
-decreased urine output
-increased HR
-decreased BP
-altered level of consciousness
cause of respiratory acidosis -the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide
-leading to increased acidity in the blood
-often due to conditions like COPD or respiratory failure
, effects of respiratory acidosis -increased CO₂ and decreased pH
-hypoventilation (increase in CO2 retention which increases HCO3 retention)
-pH: <7.35
-CO2: > 45 mmHG
causes of respiratory alkaosis -excessive breathing (hyperventilation)
-resulting in decreased carbon dioxide levels and increased blood pH
-often due to anxiety or high altitude
effects of respiratory alkalosis -decreased CO₂ and increased pH
-hyperventilation (CO2 excretion increase which increases HCO3 excretion
-pH: > 7.45
CO2: < 35 mmHG
causes of metabolic acidosis the body produces too much acid or the kidneys are not removing enough
acid, leading to a decrease in blood pH
-ex. diabetic ketoacidosis
effects of metabolic acidosis -HCO₃ and decreased pH
-increased production of nonvolatile acids, decreased secretion of acids,
increased loss of bicarbonate, increase in Cl
pH: <7.35
HCO3: <22 mEq/L
clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis -decreased HR
-flushed skin
-anorexia
-nausea
-vomiting
-weakness
-lethargy
-confusion
-coma
causes of metabolic alkalosis increase in blood pH due to excessive loss of acid or increased bicarbonate
-ex. vomiting, antacid overuse
effects of metabolic alkalosis -increased HCO and increased pH
-plasma (decreased H+, Increased HCO3- ions and loss of Cl- ions)
-asymptomatic, signs could relate to hypokalemia and hypocalcemia
-pH >7.45
-HCO3 >26 mEq/L
ROME respiratory opposite metabolic equal
ABG test measures the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and the pH of the blood,
helping to assess respiratory and metabolic function
respiratory paCO2 abnormal and opposite direction of pH
metabolic HCO3 is abnormal and equal/same as pH = metabolic
