NU 561: MIDTERM STUDY UPDATED ACTUAL Questions
and CORRECT Answers
What are the key structures examined during a The optic disc, retina, macula, and retinal blood vessels are assessed for
fundoscopic exam? abnormalities such as papilledema, hemorrhages, exudates, or signs of
hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy.
What does a “cup-to-disc ratio” of more than 0.6 A cup-to-disc ratio >0.6 is suggestive of glaucoma, indicating possible optic
indicate? nerve damage due to increased intraocular pressure.
What fundoscopic findings are associated with Microaneurysms, cotton wool spots, flame hemorrhages, neovascularization,
diabetic retinopathy? and hard exudates are key features of diabetic retinopathy.
What is papilledema, and what condition does it Papilledema refers to swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial
suggest? pressure (ICP), which may be caused by conditions such as brain tumors,
meningitis, or hypertensive crises.
How can hypertension affect the retina? Hypertensive retinopathy presents with arteriovenous (AV) nicking, flame
hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and in severe cases, papilledema, which is a
medical emergency.
A patient presents with a painful, red, swollen eyelid Hordeolum (Stye)
and a tender lump near the eyelash line. What is the 3 multiple choice options
most likely diagnosis?
Which of the following is the most common cause of Staphylococcus aureus
bacterial conjunctivitis? 3 multiple choice options
A 65-year-old patient presents with gradual, painless Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
loss of central vision. What is the most likely 3 multiple choice options
diagnosis?
, A patient presents with sudden eye pain, headache, Acute angle-closure glaucoma
blurred vision, and halos around lights. Intraocular 3 multiple choice options
pressure (IOP) is elevated. What is the likely
diagnosis?
A diabetic patient presents with blurred vision and Diabetic retinopathy
floaters. Fundoscopic exam reveals microaneurysms 3 multiple choice options
and cotton-wool spots. What is the diagnosis?
Which of the following conditions is associated with a Central retinal artery occlusion
cherry-red spot on fundoscopic examination? 3 multiple choice options
A patient presents with bilateral itchy, watery eyes Allergic conjunctivitis
and stringy mucus discharge. What is the most likely 3 multiple choice options
diagnosis?
A patient with giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) is Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION)
at high risk for which of the following complications? 3 multiple choice options
A 45-year-old patient presents with eye pain and CT scan of the orbits
difficulty opening the eye after an injury involving a 3 multiple choice options
high-speed object. What is the most appropriate next
step?
Which of the following eye conditions requires Retinal detachment
emergent ophthalmologic referral? 3 multiple choice options
What is the most common cause of conductive Otitis media with effusion, cerumen impaction, and otosclerosis
hearing loss in adults?
How can otitis media be differentiated from otitis Middle ear effusion, bulging tympanic membrane, decreased mobility, and ear
externa? pain with fever.
How does otitis externa (swimmer's ear) present? Pain on tragal movement, external ear canal swelling, and possible purulent
discharge.
What is Meniere’s disease and how does it present? An inner ear disorder characterized by episodic vertigo, tinnitus, sensorineural
hearing loss, and a feeling of ear fullness due to excessive endolymphatic fluid.
What is presbyopia, and at what age does it typically The loss of near vision due to the decreased elasticity of the lens, usually
start? becoming noticeable around age 40.
How does age-related macular degeneration (AMD) AMD causes central vision loss due to macular damage.
affect vision?
How is dry AMD classified? Characterized by drusen deposits and gradual central vision loss.
How is wet AMD classified? Due to neovascularization causing rapid, severe vision loss.
Which of the following is the primary cause of Atherosclerosis
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)? 3 multiple choice options
and CORRECT Answers
What are the key structures examined during a The optic disc, retina, macula, and retinal blood vessels are assessed for
fundoscopic exam? abnormalities such as papilledema, hemorrhages, exudates, or signs of
hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy.
What does a “cup-to-disc ratio” of more than 0.6 A cup-to-disc ratio >0.6 is suggestive of glaucoma, indicating possible optic
indicate? nerve damage due to increased intraocular pressure.
What fundoscopic findings are associated with Microaneurysms, cotton wool spots, flame hemorrhages, neovascularization,
diabetic retinopathy? and hard exudates are key features of diabetic retinopathy.
What is papilledema, and what condition does it Papilledema refers to swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial
suggest? pressure (ICP), which may be caused by conditions such as brain tumors,
meningitis, or hypertensive crises.
How can hypertension affect the retina? Hypertensive retinopathy presents with arteriovenous (AV) nicking, flame
hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and in severe cases, papilledema, which is a
medical emergency.
A patient presents with a painful, red, swollen eyelid Hordeolum (Stye)
and a tender lump near the eyelash line. What is the 3 multiple choice options
most likely diagnosis?
Which of the following is the most common cause of Staphylococcus aureus
bacterial conjunctivitis? 3 multiple choice options
A 65-year-old patient presents with gradual, painless Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
loss of central vision. What is the most likely 3 multiple choice options
diagnosis?
, A patient presents with sudden eye pain, headache, Acute angle-closure glaucoma
blurred vision, and halos around lights. Intraocular 3 multiple choice options
pressure (IOP) is elevated. What is the likely
diagnosis?
A diabetic patient presents with blurred vision and Diabetic retinopathy
floaters. Fundoscopic exam reveals microaneurysms 3 multiple choice options
and cotton-wool spots. What is the diagnosis?
Which of the following conditions is associated with a Central retinal artery occlusion
cherry-red spot on fundoscopic examination? 3 multiple choice options
A patient presents with bilateral itchy, watery eyes Allergic conjunctivitis
and stringy mucus discharge. What is the most likely 3 multiple choice options
diagnosis?
A patient with giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) is Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION)
at high risk for which of the following complications? 3 multiple choice options
A 45-year-old patient presents with eye pain and CT scan of the orbits
difficulty opening the eye after an injury involving a 3 multiple choice options
high-speed object. What is the most appropriate next
step?
Which of the following eye conditions requires Retinal detachment
emergent ophthalmologic referral? 3 multiple choice options
What is the most common cause of conductive Otitis media with effusion, cerumen impaction, and otosclerosis
hearing loss in adults?
How can otitis media be differentiated from otitis Middle ear effusion, bulging tympanic membrane, decreased mobility, and ear
externa? pain with fever.
How does otitis externa (swimmer's ear) present? Pain on tragal movement, external ear canal swelling, and possible purulent
discharge.
What is Meniere’s disease and how does it present? An inner ear disorder characterized by episodic vertigo, tinnitus, sensorineural
hearing loss, and a feeling of ear fullness due to excessive endolymphatic fluid.
What is presbyopia, and at what age does it typically The loss of near vision due to the decreased elasticity of the lens, usually
start? becoming noticeable around age 40.
How does age-related macular degeneration (AMD) AMD causes central vision loss due to macular damage.
affect vision?
How is dry AMD classified? Characterized by drusen deposits and gradual central vision loss.
How is wet AMD classified? Due to neovascularization causing rapid, severe vision loss.
Which of the following is the primary cause of Atherosclerosis
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)? 3 multiple choice options
