pathophysiology nursing EXAM A+ GRADE ASSURED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS

EXAM

Exam Solution
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HESI Pathophysiology 2026 A+ GRADE ASSURED COMP
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LETE SOLUTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (68AA7)
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QUESTION 1 ms




Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of asthma?
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a) Excessive mucus production in the airways leading to obstruction
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b) Chronic inflammation and bronchoconstriction of the airways
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c) Destruction of alveoli and decreased lung elasticity
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d) Thickening and scarring of lung tissue leading to reduced compliance
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ANSWER

b) chronic inflammation and bronchoconstriction of the airways
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QUESTION 2 ms




A patient with diabetes mellitus is experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
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Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is primarily responsible for the
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se symptoms?
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a) Hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis
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b) Decreased insulin production by the pancreas
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c) Insulin resistance at the cellular level
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d) Glycosylation of proteins leading to tissue damage
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ANSWER

a) hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis
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QUESTION 3 ms




In a patient with congestive heart failure, which of the following pathophysiological ch
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anges is most likely to occur initially as a compensatory mechanism?
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a) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
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b) Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
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c) Ventricular hypertrophy
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d) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
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,ANSWER

b) sympathetic nervous system stimulation
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QUESTION 4 ms




What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying rheumatoid arthritis?
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a) Autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage and synovial membrane
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b) Degeneration of articular cartilage due to mechanical stress
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c) Accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints
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d) Excessive production of synovial fluid leading to joint effusion
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ANSWER

a) autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage and synovial membrane
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QUESTION 5 ms




Which of the following pathophysiological changes is characteristic of chronic obstruct
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ive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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a) Destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elasticity
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b) Inflammation and scarring of the pleura
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c) Increased production of surfactant in the lungs
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d) Constriction of bronchioles due to smooth muscle hypertrophy
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ANSWER

a) destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elasticity
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QUESTION 6 ms




Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is responsible for the develop
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ment of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
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a) Glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy
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b) Immune-mediated destruction of renal tubules
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c) Obstruction of urinary flow due to kidney stones
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d) Progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time
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ANSWER

d) progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time
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QUESTION 7 ms




In a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which of the following pathophysiological c
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hanges is primarily responsible for insulin resistance?
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a) Decreased secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells
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,b) Impaired glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
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c) Hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of insulin receptor signaling
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d) Dysregulation of hepatic glucose production
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ANSWER

b) impaired glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
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QUESTION 8 ms




What is the primary cause of cystic fibrosis?
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a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
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b) Excessive production of mucus by bronchial glands
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c) Mutations in the CFTR gene leading to defective chloride ion transport
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d) Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke and environmental pollutants
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ANSWER

c) mutations in the CFTR gene leading to defective chloride ion transport
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QUESTION 9 ms




What is the primary cause of chronic liver disease?
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a) Autoimmune attack on hepatocytes
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b) Chronic alcohol abuse
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c) Viral infection of liver cells
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d) Impaired blood supply to the liver
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ANSWER

c) viral infection of liver cells
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QUESTION 10 ms




What is the primary cause of osteoarthritis?
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a) Autoimmune attack on joint tissues
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b) Excessive production of uric acid crystals in the joints
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c) Degeneration of articular cartilage due to mechanical stress
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d) Impaired blood supply to the joints
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ANSWER

c) degeneration of articular cartilage due to mechanical stress
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QUESTION 11 ms




What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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a) Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke and other environmental pollutants
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, b) Autoimmune destruction of alveolar walls
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c) Impaired surfactant production by type II alveolar cells
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d) Chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree
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ANSWER

a) chronic exposure to tobacco smoke and other environmental pollutants
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QUESTION 12 ms




What is the primary cause of chronic pancreatitis?
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a) Autoimmune attack on pancreatic acinar cells
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b) Chronic alcohol abuse and gallstone obstruction of the pancreatic duct
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c) Impaired blood supply to the pancreas
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d) Dysfunction of pancreatic islet cells leading to insulin deficiency
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ANSWER

b) chronic alcohol abuse and gallstone obstruction of the pancreatic duct
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QUESTION 13 ms




What is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with diabete
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s mellitus?
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a) Obstruction of urinary flow due to kidney stones
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b) Chronic inflammation and infection of renal tubules
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c) Progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time
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d) Impaired blood supply to the kidneys
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ANSWER

c) progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time
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QUESTION 14 ms




What is the primary cause of chronic liver cirrhosis?
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a) Chronic alcohol abuse and viral hepatitis infection
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b) Autoimmune attack on hepatocytes
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c) Impaired blood supply to the liver
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d) Excessive production of bile by hepatocytes
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ANSWER

a) chronic alcohol abuse and viral hepatitis infection
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QUESTION 15 ms