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NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions with
100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2026
(Actual Exam) LATEST VERSION!!
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
......ANSWER......Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated
due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is
given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must
be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to
work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
......ANSWER......the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system
and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The
body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
......ANSWER......Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome
in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after
prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
pg. 1
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What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general
adaptation syndrome? ......ANSWER......disease can occur physically
and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia,
infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation
syndrome ......ANSWER......Corticotrophin releasing hormone,
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and
epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage
......ANSWER......activates the sympathetic nervous system and
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage
......ANSWER......helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and
GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage
......ANSWER......Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing
heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and
amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more
glucose to be released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage ......ANSWER......released
by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy
pg. 2
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creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses
the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response
......ANSWER......Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR,
bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release,
inhibit GI/GU.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response
......ANSWER......Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume
action.
role of nucleus ......ANSWER......control center of the cell, where DNA
and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins.
Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none (RBCs).
role of mitochondria ......ANSWER......Powerhouse of the cell. Provides
energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA.
Role of ribosome ......ANSWER......produces RNA to produce proteins
through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein.
Can be floating or attached to the Rough ER.
Role of lysosomes ......ANSWER......helps breakdown and digest dead
cells, organelles, or tissues.
pg. 3
, 4|Page
Role of rough ER ......ANSWER......folded membranes that move
proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps
produce proteins for the cell membranes.
role of smooth ER ......ANSWER......ribosomes not attached to smooth
ER, helps in the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism,
synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage.
Role of peroxisome ......ANSWER......membrane cells that contain
oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown
hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes.
Role of Golgi body ......ANSWER......stacked membranes that act as the
sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in
and out of cell.
Where is extracellular fluid found? ......ANSWER......outside the cell
Where is ECF located in the body? ......ANSWER......found in the plasma,
lymph, CSF, eye humors, synovial fluid, and the GI secretions.
Where is intracellular fluid located? ......ANSWER......inside the cell
pg. 4
NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions with
100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2026
(Actual Exam) LATEST VERSION!!
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
......ANSWER......Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated
due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is
given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must
be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to
work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
......ANSWER......the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system
and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The
body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
......ANSWER......Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome
in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after
prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
pg. 1
,2|Page
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general
adaptation syndrome? ......ANSWER......disease can occur physically
and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia,
infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation
syndrome ......ANSWER......Corticotrophin releasing hormone,
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and
epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage
......ANSWER......activates the sympathetic nervous system and
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage
......ANSWER......helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and
GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage
......ANSWER......Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing
heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and
amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more
glucose to be released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage ......ANSWER......released
by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy
pg. 2
,3|Page
creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses
the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response
......ANSWER......Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR,
bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release,
inhibit GI/GU.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response
......ANSWER......Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume
action.
role of nucleus ......ANSWER......control center of the cell, where DNA
and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins.
Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none (RBCs).
role of mitochondria ......ANSWER......Powerhouse of the cell. Provides
energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA.
Role of ribosome ......ANSWER......produces RNA to produce proteins
through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein.
Can be floating or attached to the Rough ER.
Role of lysosomes ......ANSWER......helps breakdown and digest dead
cells, organelles, or tissues.
pg. 3
, 4|Page
Role of rough ER ......ANSWER......folded membranes that move
proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps
produce proteins for the cell membranes.
role of smooth ER ......ANSWER......ribosomes not attached to smooth
ER, helps in the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism,
synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage.
Role of peroxisome ......ANSWER......membrane cells that contain
oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown
hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes.
Role of Golgi body ......ANSWER......stacked membranes that act as the
sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in
and out of cell.
Where is extracellular fluid found? ......ANSWER......outside the cell
Where is ECF located in the body? ......ANSWER......found in the plasma,
lymph, CSF, eye humors, synovial fluid, and the GI secretions.
Where is intracellular fluid located? ......ANSWER......inside the cell
pg. 4
