PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 PRACTICE QUESTIONS REVIEW
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
1.) What is the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium oxalate
2.) Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause referred pain to where?
Umbilicus area
3.) The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is that they get
stuck in what?
The ureters
4.) When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it obstruct?
Urine flow
5.) The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect their 20-25% of
cardiac output. The kidneys do not know why they are not getting their
normal share of cardiac output but they sense the decreased perfusion due to
the obstruction, so those kidneys activate what?
The RAAS system
6.) With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is angiotensin, which
is a powerful peripheral constrictor. So, what happens within those kidneys
themselves is decreased tissue perfusion so they activate the RAAS system which
contains the angiotensin with powerful constrictor properties, so it constricts what?
Arterioles
7.) When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a result?
Hypertension
8.) Which population do we think mainly about when we think about UTIs?
Older population
9.) With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI because
clinically, the main manifestation that is often seen with the elderly and a UTI
is what?
Confusion and abdominal pain or discomfort
,10.) What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older population?
Septicemia
11.) What is the most common underlying risk factors for pyelonephritis?
Urinary obstruction and reflux of the urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)
12.) Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis,
kidney interstitium) is what?
pyelonephritis
13.) What direction should urine always go?
Forward
14.) What direction does urine go if there is an obstruction?
Backward
15.) When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does it
flow back in to?
The renal pelvis
16.) When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal
pelvis, what happens?
It causes inflammation
17.) When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal
pelvis, and causes inflammation, what is the inflammation usually caused by?
Bacteria
18.) With inflammation that is caused from bacteria from the backflow of urine
into the renal pelvis from an obstruction, which bacteria do we usually think
about?
E. coli
19.) Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with pyelonephritis?
Because of the close proximity of the anus and urinary tract
, 20.) What do we think of when we think of pyelo?
The pelvis, ureters, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
21.) What is the major cause of pyelonephritis?
Vesicoureteral reflux, backflowing of the urine, and inflammation is caused by
bacteria (E.Coli)
22.) A condition that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and
noninfectious cystitis is called what?
Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis
23.) Nonbacterial infectious cystitis is related to what?
Viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, or fungal
24.) Noninfectious cystitis is related to what?
Radiation, chemical, autoimmune, or hypersensitivity
25.) Most of the time with PBS or IC, is there a known cause?
No
26.) What does a patient with PBS/IC generally present with?
Continuous symptoms of a UTI
27.) Which patients do we generally think about when we think about
PBS/IC? Diabetics because they are prone to infection, but when they have gotten
what we think is a UTI and we keep giving antibiotics again and again, and here
it is the third time, we need to think that they probably have PBS (painful bladder
syndrome or also known as interstitial cystitis).
28.) Because it is difficult to differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis
by clinical manifestations alone, what diagnostic testing should be performed?
Urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical manifestations
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
1.) What is the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium oxalate
2.) Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause referred pain to where?
Umbilicus area
3.) The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is that they get
stuck in what?
The ureters
4.) When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it obstruct?
Urine flow
5.) The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect their 20-25% of
cardiac output. The kidneys do not know why they are not getting their
normal share of cardiac output but they sense the decreased perfusion due to
the obstruction, so those kidneys activate what?
The RAAS system
6.) With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is angiotensin, which
is a powerful peripheral constrictor. So, what happens within those kidneys
themselves is decreased tissue perfusion so they activate the RAAS system which
contains the angiotensin with powerful constrictor properties, so it constricts what?
Arterioles
7.) When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a result?
Hypertension
8.) Which population do we think mainly about when we think about UTIs?
Older population
9.) With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI because
clinically, the main manifestation that is often seen with the elderly and a UTI
is what?
Confusion and abdominal pain or discomfort
,10.) What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older population?
Septicemia
11.) What is the most common underlying risk factors for pyelonephritis?
Urinary obstruction and reflux of the urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)
12.) Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis,
kidney interstitium) is what?
pyelonephritis
13.) What direction should urine always go?
Forward
14.) What direction does urine go if there is an obstruction?
Backward
15.) When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does it
flow back in to?
The renal pelvis
16.) When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal
pelvis, what happens?
It causes inflammation
17.) When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal
pelvis, and causes inflammation, what is the inflammation usually caused by?
Bacteria
18.) With inflammation that is caused from bacteria from the backflow of urine
into the renal pelvis from an obstruction, which bacteria do we usually think
about?
E. coli
19.) Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with pyelonephritis?
Because of the close proximity of the anus and urinary tract
, 20.) What do we think of when we think of pyelo?
The pelvis, ureters, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
21.) What is the major cause of pyelonephritis?
Vesicoureteral reflux, backflowing of the urine, and inflammation is caused by
bacteria (E.Coli)
22.) A condition that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and
noninfectious cystitis is called what?
Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis
23.) Nonbacterial infectious cystitis is related to what?
Viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, or fungal
24.) Noninfectious cystitis is related to what?
Radiation, chemical, autoimmune, or hypersensitivity
25.) Most of the time with PBS or IC, is there a known cause?
No
26.) What does a patient with PBS/IC generally present with?
Continuous symptoms of a UTI
27.) Which patients do we generally think about when we think about
PBS/IC? Diabetics because they are prone to infection, but when they have gotten
what we think is a UTI and we keep giving antibiotics again and again, and here
it is the third time, we need to think that they probably have PBS (painful bladder
syndrome or also known as interstitial cystitis).
28.) Because it is difficult to differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis
by clinical manifestations alone, what diagnostic testing should be performed?
Urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical manifestations
