Psy 244 Test 2 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Oocyte attrition the massive loss of oocytes (eggs) across development. During fetal life, ovaries
peak at abt 7 million egg and abt 2/3 die before birth and 75% of the remainder
are lost during puberty. This means females are born with finite, declining egg
supply rather than producing new eggs later in life
ovarian and menstrual cycle 1) follicular phase --> follices mature, estrogen rises
2) ovulation --> LH (Luteinizing hormone) surge releases the egg
3) luteal phase: progesterone rises and prepares the uterus for fertilization, or
body bigs to prepare for the next cycle,
- Approx. 28 days long.
cryptic female choice a "hidden" process by which females exert control over fertilization; escentially,
the egg picks the sperm
fetal development conception --> zygote --> embryo --> fetus
fetal development Day 1-7 : egg and sperm form fetrakized egg and zygote division happens and on
day 7 an implanted blastocyst attaches itself to uterine lining
first trimester: essential organs such as heart, eyes, brain, central nervous system,
and ears begin to develop
2nd-3rd trimester: focused on growing and perfecting organs and body,
specifically the brain
, DOHaD hypotheis the idea that prenatal nutrition and stress can "program" long term health
outcomes
- can happen through epigenetic mechanisms
epigenetic mechanisms the genes, changes that affect gene expression, but leave the underlying DNA
untouched
- (epi= on top of)
teratogens an external agent that can cause damage of death during prenatal development
fetal sensory experience many fetal movements are not a response to stimulation, they just move around a
lot
- first to develop is tactile (touch), then auditory and then visual stimulation
Motor babbling This is a form of real world learning where babies randomly stimulate their motor
functions and figure out what happens.
fetal visual and auditory development - auditory develops first, then visual
- digestive sounds from mothers body happen about 5 times per second, very
noisy in womb
- noise level about 70-95 decibels
- hearing operational about 24-28 weeks
- arguments on visual inside womb (think three dots experiment, if the babies
turned towards it)
fetal language learning - babies are primed for their native language before birth
- experiment proved that babies EEG results had more activity when they were
read a story in their native language
- they can "remember" their native language
- have a preference for their mother's voice over anyone else's
fetal music exposure experiment was run that asked pregnant women to play "twinkle twinkle" to their
bump in the last semester of pregnancy, and compared to a control group that
did not play the song, the babies who listened to the music showed more neural
stimulation to the song than those that did not (tested at birth and 4 months old)
obstetrical dilemma the hypothesis that bipedalism (walking on 2 legs) requires large brains and small
birth canals leading to difficulty and the need for assistance in childbirth (unlike
our primate cousins)
placental adaptations - The human placenta is highly vascularized (has a ton of blood vessels)
- The placenta is also highly invasive, implants deep into the uterine wall and
directly bathes in the maternal blood supply
- Fetal cells invade and engage in vascular remodeling, widening maternal blood
vessels to create higher blood flow
- Comes with risks, like pre-eclampsia
Answers
Oocyte attrition the massive loss of oocytes (eggs) across development. During fetal life, ovaries
peak at abt 7 million egg and abt 2/3 die before birth and 75% of the remainder
are lost during puberty. This means females are born with finite, declining egg
supply rather than producing new eggs later in life
ovarian and menstrual cycle 1) follicular phase --> follices mature, estrogen rises
2) ovulation --> LH (Luteinizing hormone) surge releases the egg
3) luteal phase: progesterone rises and prepares the uterus for fertilization, or
body bigs to prepare for the next cycle,
- Approx. 28 days long.
cryptic female choice a "hidden" process by which females exert control over fertilization; escentially,
the egg picks the sperm
fetal development conception --> zygote --> embryo --> fetus
fetal development Day 1-7 : egg and sperm form fetrakized egg and zygote division happens and on
day 7 an implanted blastocyst attaches itself to uterine lining
first trimester: essential organs such as heart, eyes, brain, central nervous system,
and ears begin to develop
2nd-3rd trimester: focused on growing and perfecting organs and body,
specifically the brain
, DOHaD hypotheis the idea that prenatal nutrition and stress can "program" long term health
outcomes
- can happen through epigenetic mechanisms
epigenetic mechanisms the genes, changes that affect gene expression, but leave the underlying DNA
untouched
- (epi= on top of)
teratogens an external agent that can cause damage of death during prenatal development
fetal sensory experience many fetal movements are not a response to stimulation, they just move around a
lot
- first to develop is tactile (touch), then auditory and then visual stimulation
Motor babbling This is a form of real world learning where babies randomly stimulate their motor
functions and figure out what happens.
fetal visual and auditory development - auditory develops first, then visual
- digestive sounds from mothers body happen about 5 times per second, very
noisy in womb
- noise level about 70-95 decibels
- hearing operational about 24-28 weeks
- arguments on visual inside womb (think three dots experiment, if the babies
turned towards it)
fetal language learning - babies are primed for their native language before birth
- experiment proved that babies EEG results had more activity when they were
read a story in their native language
- they can "remember" their native language
- have a preference for their mother's voice over anyone else's
fetal music exposure experiment was run that asked pregnant women to play "twinkle twinkle" to their
bump in the last semester of pregnancy, and compared to a control group that
did not play the song, the babies who listened to the music showed more neural
stimulation to the song than those that did not (tested at birth and 4 months old)
obstetrical dilemma the hypothesis that bipedalism (walking on 2 legs) requires large brains and small
birth canals leading to difficulty and the need for assistance in childbirth (unlike
our primate cousins)
placental adaptations - The human placenta is highly vascularized (has a ton of blood vessels)
- The placenta is also highly invasive, implants deep into the uterine wall and
directly bathes in the maternal blood supply
- Fetal cells invade and engage in vascular remodeling, widening maternal blood
vessels to create higher blood flow
- Comes with risks, like pre-eclampsia
